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Module 4
4 - core organic chemistry
4.2.3 - organic synthesis
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In distillation, a
continuous water flow
is needed so the water remains
cool
in order for the mixture to be
distilled.
To separate immiscible liquids:
Pour mixture into
separating
funnel,
and
distilled
water
add
stopper
and invert the flask
equalise the pressure by
opening
the stopper
continue
shaking
until there is no ‘whistle’ sound
open
the stopper and place a
beaker
under the spout
use another
beaker
to collect desired
organic
layer
shake liquid with
drying
agent
Two drying agents are:
magnesium sulfate
calcium chloride
To use drying agents you add it to the
organic product.
Add some more until the
clumps
are moving
freely.
Use
filtration
to collect the
dry product.
Re-distillation is when a liquid is
purified
by using
multiple distillations.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons can be tested using
bromine water.
Add a few
drops
to the sample, positive result shows colour change from
brown
to
colourless.
to test for haloalkanes add
silver
nitrate
, ethanol and
water.
observe:
Chloro -
white
precipitate
bromo -
cream
precipitate
iodo -
yellow
precipitate
3 reagents used to test for carbonyls are
acidified potassium dichromate
fehlings solution
tollens reagent
When acidified potassium dichromate is added to ketones there is
no
change.
But when it is added to aldehydes it turns from
orange
to
green
colour.
When feelings solution is reacted with ketones there is
no change.
But when it is reacted with aldehydes it forms a
dark red precipitate.
When tollens reagent is reacted with ketones
no silver mirror
is formed. When it is reacted with aldehydes it forms a
silver mirror.
To test for a carboxylic acid.
Universal indicator
gives the ph of a weak acid
reactive metal
gives
hydrogen
effervescence
metal carbonate
gives
carbon
dioxide
effervescence