SCIENCE 2: Reviewer chapter 1 & 2

• Archimedes, one of the most famous Greek scientists, discovered the law governing the behavior of the cork and the iron in water. It is now called Archimedes' principle.
• Isaac Newton, a great English scientist, discovered the laws governing gravitation
• Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist, discovered the relations among voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit.
• The term oekologie was coined by a German zoologist, Ernst Haeckel. It came from the Greek word oikos, meaning 'home or a place to live in'.
• Haeckel defined it as the relationship of animals both to their organic as well as to their inorganic environment.
• The term environment refers to the sum of all external forces and conditions acting on an organism or community of organisms.
• Theophrastus is considered as the Father of Botany
• The rainbow is sunlight separated into different colors by droplets of water.
• The colors are arranged from the one with the longest wavelength, red (outer portion), followed by orange, then yellow, green, blue, indigo, and, lastly, violet which has the shortest wavelength.
• ROYGBIV. This is known, in science, as the “spectrum of the sun”
• PCTOOOPCEB

  P- protoplasm

  c- cell

  t- tissue

  o- organ

  o- organ system

  o- organism

  p- population

  c- community

  e- ecosystem

  b- biosphere
• Ø  CHAPTER 2: BASIC UNITS OF ECOLOGY

  In ecology, the basic unit of study is the ecosystem.
• Ø  The Ecosystem:

     - An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals, and microorganisms) interacting with each other and their physical environment.

     - It includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
• Ø  Components of an Ecosystem:

     - Biotic Components:

       - Producers: These are plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.

      
• Ø  Components of an Ecosystem:

     - Biotic Components:

       - Consumers: These are animals that obtain energy by consuming other organisms. They can be herbivores (eat plants), carnivores (eat other animals), or omnivores (eat both plants and animals).

      
• Ø  Components of an Ecosystem:

       - Decomposers: These are organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
•    - Abiotic Components:

       - Sunlight: Provides energy for photosynthesis and influences temperature patterns.

      
•    - Abiotic Components:

       - Air: Contains oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases that organisms need for respiration.
•    - Abiotic Components:

       - Water: Essential for life and plays a role in nutrient cycling.

     
•    - Abiotic Components:

       - Soil: Provides a medium for plant growth and contains nutrients.

     
•    - Abiotic Components:

       - Temperature: Affects the distribution and behavior of organisms.
•    - Abiotic Components:

       - Climate: Long-term weather patterns that influence the types of organisms that can survive in an ecosystem.
• Ø  Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem:

     - Producers: They are the foundation of the food chain, converting sunlight into energy and providing food for other organisms.

    
• Ø  Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem:

     - Consumers: They obtain energy by consuming other organisms, maintaining the flow of energy and nutrients through the ecosystem.

    
• Ø  Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem:

     - Decomposers: They break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients, returning them to the soil or water for reuse by producers.

   
• Ø  Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem:

     - Abiotic Components: They provide the physical environment necessary for the survival of organisms, including shelter, water, and nutrients.
• Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem:

   

  1. The Manufacture of Food:

     - Producers, such as plants and photosynthetic organisms, play a vital role in ecosystems by converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.

     - They are the foundation of the food chain, providing food for other organisms.

   
• Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem:

  2. Oxygen - The Giver of Life:

     - Plants and other photosynthetic organisms release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.

     - Oxygen is essential for the survival of most organisms, as they require it for respiration.

   
• Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem

  3. Recycling Through Decay:

     - Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, play a crucial role in ecosystems by breaking down dead organic matter.

     - They recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem, making them available for use by other organisms.

   
• Roles Played by the Components of an Ecosystem:

  4. Effects of Abiotic Factors:

     - Abiotic factors, such as sunlight, air, water, soil, temperature, and climate, have significant effects on ecosystems.

     - Sunlight provides energy for photosynthesis, while air and water contain essential gases and nutrients.

     - Soil provides a medium for plant growth and contains nutrients necessary for the survival of organisms.

     - Temperature and climate influence the distribution and behavior of organisms in an ecosystem.