LESSON 1-5 (midterms)

• Structure

  • follow Intro - Body - Conclusion format
  • include information from credible sources
  • structures are determined according to the type of academic text
  • published scholarly journals follow the Introduction-Methodology-Resultsand-Discussion (IMRaD) format
• Tone

  • use formal language

  Avoid using:

  • slang/colloquialism
  • contractions
  • first person pronouns
  • phrasal verbs
  • abbreviations when first introduced
• Basic Structure (IBC)

  • Intro - thesis statement
  • Body - provide evidences
  • Conclusion - summarize key points and restate the thesis
• PVR

  • preview
  • view
  • review
• IMRaD

  • Intro
  • Method
  • Results
  • and Discussion
• Audience

  • written for faculty, researchers and scholars
• Punctuation and Grammar

  • follow proper writing conventions to maintain clarity and avoid ambiguity in expression
• Referencing Basic Format

  • author's names, publication year, title of the book/article, pages for article, journal/publishing house
  • Academic texts have a separate part of the paper that consists a list of references as it is essential to acknowledge the source of any ideas, data, or quoted text that has been stated in the paper to avoid plagiarism
• Book

  • Ref list: Author's Last Name, First Initial (year), Book title:subtitle (edition), Publisher
  • In text: (Author, Year)
• Journal Article

  • Last name, First Initial (Year, Month, Day)
  • Article title. Magazine/Journal/Newspaper
  • Title, Volume number (issue number)
  • Page numbers of the entire article
• Narrative One Author

  • Walker (2007)

  Parenthetical

  • (Walker, 2007)
• Two Authors

  • Walker and Allen (2004)

  Parenthetical

  • (Walker and Allen, 2004)
• Three or More

  • Bradley et al. (1999)
• Guidelines in referencing

  • double spacing
  • hanging indention
  • italicization

  *title should be italicised (book or journal)
• DOI

  • Digital Object Identifier
• Reference Management Tools

  • Endnote
  • Mendeley
  • RefMe
• Thesis Statement

  • present of describes the point of an essay.
  • in an academic text, the thesis statement is usually presented in the abstract or executive summary or at the last part of the introduction
  • written in declarative sentence
  • it is a statement that summarizes your topic and declares your position on it
  • tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion
  • focuses your ideas into one or two sentences
• Main Idea

  • Concept that is being discussed as analyzed throughout the entire essay

  It must always be

  • topic
  • complete sentence
  • summarizes

  can either be

  • thesis statement
  • topic sentence
• Strategies in locating the main idea

  • read title
  • read first few paragraphs
  • check conclusion
• Purpose Statement

  • introduced by signal phrases that announce the purpose/scope/direction of the test
• Topic Sentence

  • presents/describes the point of the paragraph
  • located in the beginning, middle, or last
• Outlining

  • the skeleton or backbone of an essay
  • tool used in organizing your thoughts
  • highlight key ideas
• Formal Outline

  • a structure that follows a format. it has two formats: the alpha and decimal
  • it organizes your words in your paragraph
• Sentence Outline

  • Shows what will be stated
  • a detailed and structured way of organizing ideas
  • used for essays, research papers, or other written work
  • uses complete sentences for each point
  • provides clearer and more thorough understanding of content and flow
• Informal Outline

  • drafts or scratch
  • informal structure
  • uses bullet points
• Summarizing

  • condensing the text up to 30% from its original length without compromising the content of the text
  • represents the key ideas
  • restate in your own words
  • encapsulate
• What is NOT summarizing

  • write down everything
  • write down ideas from text word for word
  • write down incoherent or irrelevant ideas
  • write down ideas not stated in the text
  • write down in same length
• Paraphrasing

  • formulating someone else's ideas into your own words
  • rewrite the passage without changing the idea and should have the same core message as the original text
• 4 R's of paraphrasing

  • Reword
  • Rearrange
  • Realize
  • Recheck
• Direct Quoting

  • using quotation marks " " to highlight what the author said and dont want to restructure the idea
  • reproducing the exact definition
  • author said something succinctly or memorable
  • when you want to respond the exact wording
• Topic Outline

  • highlights the ideas, concepts, etc. on what you are writing
• Formats in Summarizing

  1. Idea Heading Format
  2. Author Heading Format
  3. Date Heading Format
• Basic Structure of APA In-Text Citations

  • Author last name(s)
  • Publication date
  • Page number (Required for direct quotes; Encouraged for paraphrasing)
• Parenthetical

  • All components of the in-text citation are included in parenthesis at the end of the sentence.
• Narrative

  • Components of the in-text citation are written within the sentence.
• A page number is required for direct quotes and encouraged for paraphrasing.
• Use the abbreviation “p.” for one page or “pp.” for multiple pages

  • (Smith, 2009, p. 3)
  • (Smith, 2009, pp. 3-4)
• No page number? Use another identifying element such as a paragraph number, chapter number, section number etc.

  • (Freeman, 2019, para. 3)
• Reference List

  • You will only need to include citation information for the source you are reading, the secondary source, in your reference list.
• In-Text Citation

  • Identify the primary source and then write "as cited in" the secondary source