ICD essay paragraphs

• A01 ICD 

  Is published by the WHO, an agency of the United Nations. Is a free and open resource and is multilingual. Finally, covers all health conditions as well as mental and behavioural disorders, which can be used by a wide range of practitioners.
• A01 ICD

  Chapter 5 is specific to mental health disorders.  It consists of a series of codes that correspond with a particular mental illness.  The disorders are listed consecutively and there are 11 sections.  SZ, schizotypal and delusional disorders   consist of  codes F20-F29.   Within each code there are also sub categories, for example, SZ is F20 but Paranoid SZ is F20.0 whilst Catatonic SZ is F20.2  
• A01 ICD

  The clinician matches symptoms with a code.  The clinician selects key words from the interview with a client that relate to the symptoms.  The clinician can look up these codes using an alphabetic index or may go to the obvious section such as SZ.  The clinician then uses other symptoms to locate a sub category.
• A03 strength

  Hiller et al (1992)

  100 written case notes of patients treated as psychiatric patients were given to 4 different clinicians. The  notes were details and contained symptomology, family and social development, psychiatric disturbances and medical diseases. The four different clinicians were asked to diagnose the patients based on their written record by using the ICD 10 and DSM III R.
• AO3: How does it support the reliability of the DSM

   As results in Hiller show that there are high levels of agreement between clinicians on the diagnosis of Schizophrenia in patients, in both the DSM and  the ICD, meaning that both are reliable as they show high levels of agreement.
• AO3: What does this mean for the reliability?

  This means that potential patients with schizophrenia can use either the ICD or DSM with confidence as there are high reliability levels in that classification systems.
• A03:  Implications Reliability

  This means that patients can be diagnosed faster which will helps them to be able to function in daily life quicker and benefiting their quality of life, and allowing the NHS to not have a backlog of patients to diagnose
• A03 weakness

  • Childhood disorders only 55%
  • Personality disorders 56%
• A03:  How does the AO3 refute the AO1?  

  Can not be used for all disorders meaning have to be careful about false diagnosis in some conditions. The ICD is supposed to have information on symptoms and features within the chapter 5; this is to be used to diagnose illness  but these findings suggest is not effective for all conditions.
• AO3: What does this mean for the reliability?

   Reliability is not consistent using ICD for all conditions and the fact that it is significantly lower shows it may not be trustworthy to give consistent diagnosis.
• AO3: Implications?

   A wrong diagnosis could mislead treatment and even falsely admit though to psych wards who need be. Causing excess and unnecessary stress especially sensitive around children being falsely diagnosed as may detrimentally alter future.
• A01 reliability + interrater 

  Inter-rater reliability refers to the extent to which to two researchers or reviewers analyse data and arrive at the same interpretation of the diagnosis for the symptoms presented. The higher the correlation co-efficient the stronger and more reliable the diagonisis of the patient will be.
• A03 strength realiability inter rater

  Galeazzi et al (2004), using ICD 10 Two trained psychiatrists simultaneously evaluated 100 in patients and independently assessed the psychiatric diagnosis (range of agreement was 0.60-0.97).
• AO3: How does galeazzi study strengthen the reliability of the DSM

  As both psychiatrists reached similar conclusions with a large sample of 100, there is high inter-rater reliability. AS the correlation had a strong co-efficient ranging from 0.6-0.97 there is a lot of consistency with their assessment and psychiatric diagonisis.
• AO3: What does this mean for the reliability?

   Consequently, Galeazzi et al demonstrates high reliability as both psychiatrists strongly agreed with each others diagnosis and a lot of similarities were shown with their conclusions of the patients.
• A03:  Implications? Interrater

  Therefore, to ensure that the ICD has a reliable diagnosis if the inter-rater reliability is high it can be assured that participants that are diagnosed have an accurate diagnosis.
• A03 weakness inter rater

  However, when loooking at the congurance between ICD and DSM it was

  Cheniaux et al (2009) found that inter-rater reliability amongst two psychiatrists was low. One diagnosed 26 out of 100 patients with schizophrenia using the DSM, and 44 out of 100 using the ICD. The other diagnosed 13 using the DSM and 24 using the ICD.

  Schizoaffective disorder -0.26  when using the ICD 10 Clinicians were more likely to diagnose patients with schizoaffective disorder when using DSM IV rather than ICD.
• A03:interrater  How does the AO3 refute the AO1?  

   Consequently, there is evidence that Schizoaffective disorder should be using DSM a for finding a diagonisis as opposed to ICD as it is more effective to diagnose.  As ICD has a weak correlation co-efficient there is a lack of consistency with diagonisis h patients and clinicians may not agree.
• AO3: What does this mean for the reliability?

  This decreases the reliability of ICD being used to diagnose patients correctly with mental health disorders due to the weak correlation co-efficient than the DSM making it a less reliable source.
• AO3: Implications?

   Therefore, the implications of this are that patients won’t be getting accurate diagnosis for their problems. This could be very damaging for patients as they may get wrong treatment which would not help them in the long term and may potentially make their issues worse.
• A01 concurrent  validity 

  Concurrent Validity is the extent to which the result of study or test is the same as the results of a study or test done at the same time, but using an alternative way of reaching a diagnosis. E.g. e.g. using ICD and DSM If there is agreement on the symptoms then there is validity
• A03 strength concurrent

  AO3: study to support

  Andrews et al. (1999) found that DSM IV and ICD had agreement rates for disorders such as depression, therefore it can be said that both systems have concurrent validity.
• A03:  How does the AO3 support the AO1?  

  This supports the idea that the ICD has concurrent validity as high agreement rates when diagnosing depression and other disorders with the DSM suggests that the diagnosis have higher accuracy.
• AO3: What does this mean for the validity? Concurrent

  The result of using the ICD and getting a more accurate diagnosis is a strength of the ICD as it means it has likely higher validity.
• AO3: Implications?

  The implications of this is that a diagnosis from a doctor that used the ICD as a classification system is likely to be more accurate and therefore will result in the patient receiving the correct treatment and being able to recover or at the least manage their mental health disorder well.
• A01 validity 

  A valid classification system includes symptoms that are operationalised and measurable such as people with schizophrenia having to have two or more symptoms over a month.   Many mental health disorders are co-morbid so it may be hard for a clinician to accurately diagnose one disorder, therefore making the use of classification systems less valid as it is hard to operationalise the symptoms of one disorder.
• A03 strength

  The WHO conducted huge international survey to improve ‘clinical utility’ so systems should be more user friendly.

  Therefore the icd 11 has been developed over time making it more accurate as it is easier to understand. This means the system should become more ‘user-friendly’; hopefully by virtue of being easier to use
• A03:  How does the AO3 refute the AO1?  

   This shows that as many mental health disorders are co-nordic it will be easier to accurately diagnose if data is relevant with the most up to date information.
• AO3: What does this mean for the validity?

   This increases the validity as the ICD had improved with time, ensuring data is up to date and relevant, increasing the accuracy of the ICD, as new result and data can be added to improve the ICD
• AO3: Implications?

   This is a positive implication as mental health disorders as being reevaluated and checked and by updating the ICD, it ensures the most up to date and relevant data is available, benefitting both the doctors and pateints.
• A03 weakness

  Many mental health disorders are co-morbid. The ICD is very complex as it relies on codes, which are complex and even there are codes such as F46 & F48, which are left over codes for new disorders to be added, suggesting that ICD 10  is not complete.
• A03:  How does the AO3 support the AO1?  

   This shows that it may be hard for a clinician to accurately diagnose one disorder.
• AO3: What does this mean for the validity?

   This may affect validity as diagnosis’s may not be accurate due to the complex codes, making it hard to link the symptoms to the codes.
• AO3: Implications?

  This is an implication as false diagnosis's may take place which can affect people lives as they receive the wrong treatment for their symptoms. This can be detrimental in some situations and potentially fatal.
• Who publishes the ICD?


  The WHO, an agency of the United Nations
• What is the nature of the ICD in terms of accessibility?


  It is a free and open resource and is multilingual
• What types of disorders does the ICD cover?


  All health conditions as well as mental and behavioural disorders
• Which chapter of the ICD is specific to mental health disorders?


  Chapter 5
• How are mental health disorders organized in the ICD?


  They consist of a series of codes that correspond with particular mental illnesses
• How many sections are there in Chapter 5 of the ICD?


  11 sections