DSM essay paragraphs

• Who publishes the DSM?


  The American Psychological Association (APA)
• What is the primary focus of the DSM?


  It is specific to mental disorders.
• In what language is the DSM published?


  Only in English
• What does Section One of the DSM provide?


  Guidance on the new system.
• How are disorders categorized in Section Two of the DSM?


  According to underlying causes and similarities between symptoms.
• What type of suggestions does Section Three of the DSM include?


  Suggestions for new disorders.
• What is an example of a new disorder mentioned in Section Three?

  Internet gaming disorder.
• How can clinicians gather information about individual groups?


  Through observation and interviews.
• What are the two types of interviews mentioned for gathering information?

  Structured and unstructured interviews.
• Who conducted a study supporting the DSM?


  Kupfer and Kraemer (2012)
• How was DSM 3 tested compared to DSM 5?


  DSM 3 was tested under controlled settings, while DSM 5 was tested under normal conditions.
• What level of agreement did the DSM 5 task force suggest would be considered miraculous?


  Values as high as 0.8.
• What range of values did the DSM 5 task force consider realistic?

  Values of 0.4-0.6.
• What does a high level of agreement in testing suggest about the DSM 5?


  It supports the reliability of the DSM.
• Why does the testing environment affect the reliability of the DSM 5?


  Because it reflects real-life assessments.
• What does high reliability in the DSM 5 imply for psychiatrists?


  They can be more certain of consistency in diagnoses.
• What did Rachael Cooper (2014) argue about the DSM 5?


  It is unreliable due to low levels of agreement.
• What acceptable level of agreement did Rachael Cooper (2014) mention?


  0.2-0.4.
• How does low agreement between symptoms affect the DSM 5?


  It can lead to misdiagnosis.
• What does low reliability in diagnosis imply for mental health treatment?


  It can impact treatment success rates.
• What is inter-rater reliability?


  The extent to which clinicians agree on a diagnosis.
• How is inter-rater reliability measured?


  By calculating a correlation coefficient.
• What did Regier (2013) report about levels of agreement using DSM V?


  Levels of agreement ranged from 0.6-0.79 for certain disorders.
• What does a high level of agreement among clinicians suggest about the DSM?


  It supports the reliability of the DSM.
• What does a correlation coefficient of 0.7 or above indicate?


  There is a strong correlation and high reliability.
• What are the implications of high reliability in the DSM?


  It is a useful classification system for accurate diagnosis.
• What did Rachael Cooper (2014) argue about inter-rater reliability?


  It is low, suggesting DSM 5 may be less reliable than previous versions.
• What does low reliability in inter-rater diagnosis imply?


  It can lead to misdiagnosis and affect treatment.
• What is predictive validity?


  The extent to which a diagnosis can foresee future development of a condition.
• What did Cohen's longitudinal study involve?


  2232 children and their conduct disorder symptoms.
• What were the results of Cohen's study regarding educational difficulties?


  65% of those diagnosed with three symptoms had educational difficulties two years later.
• What does strong predictive validity imply about the DSM?


  It can accurately foresee future learning difficulties.
• What are the implications of high predictive validity in the DSM?


  It can help provide support for children with learning difficulties.
• What did Kim and Berrios (2001) find regarding diagnosis in Japan?


  Only 20% of patients were aware of their schizophrenia diagnosis.
• What does reluctance to provide correct diagnoses imply for predictive validity?


  It may reduce the validity of predictions.
• What are the implications of misdiagnosis due to reluctance in diagnosis?


  It can lead to deterioration and lack of proper treatment.
• What does cross-cultural validity suggest?


  Disorders may not be universal if different cultures reach different conclusions.
• How does Lee's study support cross-cultural validity?


  It shows that similar conclusions can be reached across cultures.
• What does high accuracy in cross-cultural diagnosis imply for the DSM?


  It has high validity for use worldwide.
• What did Luhrmann et al. find regarding voice-hearing experiences across cultures?


  Experiences are interpreted differently in non-Western cultures.