Types of Learning

• What is operant conditioning based on?


  Linking a stimulus with a movement response to form an S-R bond
• What happens to successful S-R bonds in operant conditioning?


  They get stored as learning bonds in long-term memory (LTM)
• What are the key components of behavior shaping in operant conditioning?


  • Structure the environment
  • Use trial and error
  • Implement reinforcement
• How can cones be used to improve a badminton smash?


  By marking a target area in the corner of the court
• What should a participant do when practicing a badminton smash?


  Hit the shuttle into the marked area and serve high shots repeatedly
• What does cognitive theory emphasize in skill learning?


  Presenting the problem as a whole skill in a realistic context
• What does Gestalt theory state?


  The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
• What type of learning does Gestalt theory develop?


  Insight learning
• What cognitive processes are involved in cognitive theory?


  • Perception
  • Past experiences
  • Problem solving
  • Intervening variables (rehearsal & reminisce)
• What is the main concept of observational learning theory?


  Learning by copying others through visual guidance
• According to Bandura's model, when is observational learning most likely to occur?


  When the model is the same gender, a significant other, or a role model
• What are the key components of Bandura's observational learning theory?


  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction
  4. Motivation
• How would you teach young gymnasts a forward roll using observational learning?


  By providing a clear demonstration and ensuring learners pay full attention
• What is the importance of checking performers for readiness before starting a skill?


  To ensure they are physically and mentally prepared to perform the skill
• What type of reinforcement is used when a young gymnast correctly performs a skill?


  Positive reinforcement through stickers and praise
• What are Thorndike's laws of learning?


  1. Law of effect: Positive reinforcement strengthens the SR bond
  2. Law of exercise: Practice and repetition strengthen the SR bond
  3. Law of readiness: The learner must be capable of performing the skill
• What does the law of effect state?


  Positive reinforcement or presentation of a satisfier strengthens the SR bond
• How does the law of exercise contribute to learning?


  It states that practice and repetition strengthen the SR bond
• What does the law of readiness imply?


  The learner must be physically and mentally capable to perform the skill
• How can positive reinforcement be exemplified in a gymnastics training session?


  By rewarding a young gymnast with a sticker after learning a new skill
• How does mental maturity affect a child's ability to perform gymnastics skills?


  Mental maturity influences their understanding and execution of complex skills
• What is positive reinforcement?


  Presentation of a pleasant stimulus to the performer after the desired response
• What is negative reinforcement?


  Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus to the performer after an incorrect response, which is withdrawn when the correct response occurs
• What is punishment in the context of reinforcement?


  Presentation of a very unpleasant stimulus to the performer after an incorrect or undesired response
• What are Thorndike’s Laws related to operant conditioning?


  • Linked to operant conditioning and developing a stimulus-response bond
  • Effect:
  • Praise or reinforcement strengthens the S-R bond
  • Lack of pleasure or failure weakens the S-R bond
• How does exercise affect the stimulus-response bond?


  Repeating or practicing the movement strengthens the S-R bond
• What happens when there is a lack of practice or reinforcement?

  A lack of practice or reinforcement weakens the S-R bond
• What is readiness in the context of reinforcement?


  The learner must have the maturity or physical or mental capability to perform the skill before reinforcement can strengthen the S-R bond
• What is the primary focus of cognitive learning theory compared to S-R theories?


  Cognitive learning theory focuses on thinking and understanding.
• How does the Gestalt approach differ from traditional learning theories?


  The Gestalt approach considers objects/problems as a whole rather than a collection of parts.
• What role does the environment play in cognitive learning theory?


  The environment is taken into account as a significant factor in learning.
• How do we make sense of environmental information according to cognitive learning theory?


  We utilize perception to make sense of environmental information.
• In what way do previous experiences influence our understanding of new information?

  Previous experiences help us to understand and influence the interpretation of information.
• What are intervening variables in cognitive learning theory?


  Intervening variables involve the mental processes used to arrive at a solution.
• What is insight learning in the context of cognitive learning theory?


  Insight learning is the ability to problem-solve and understand what is required to complete a skill or problem.
• What are the key components of cognitive learning theory?


  • Focus on thinking and understanding
  • Gestalt approach: viewing problems as wholes
  • Importance of the environment
  • Use of perception to interpret information
  • Influence of previous experiences
  • Role of mental processes (intervening variables)
  • Insight learning for problem-solving
• What is the primary focus of cognitive learning theory?


  Thinking and understanding
• How does the Gestalt approach view objects or problems?


  As a whole rather than a collection of parts
• What role does the environment play in cognitive learning theory?


  It is taken into account when understanding information
• How do previous experiences influence cognitive learning?


  They help us understand and interpret information