BIOLOGY (Chemical Bsis of Life)

• What is the smallest particle of matter that cannot be divided by chemical means?


  Atom
• What are the components of an atom?


  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Who was the first to conceptualize the atom?

  Leucippus
• What does Democritus state about atoms?


  Atoms are solid, indestructible, and separated by empty space
• What forms when two or more atoms react with one another?


  Molecules
• What types of molecules can exist?

  Inorganic and organic molecules
• What is chemical bonding?


  The formation of a bond between atoms, molecules, or ions to create a compound
• What is ionic bonding?


  A type of bonding involving the transfer of electrons between atoms
• What happens to an atom during ionic bonding?


  An atom loses an electron and another atom gains it
• What is a cation?


  An ion that has lost an electron and is positively charged
• What is an anion?


  An ion that has gained an electron and is negatively charged
• What does covalent bonding involve?


  The sharing of electrons between atoms
• What are organic compounds commonly associated with?


  Compounds that contain carbon
• What is hydrogen bonding?


  A weak bond that occurs when hydrogen combines with an electronegative atom
• What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in water?


  They are responsible for many of the properties exhibited by water
• What do inorganic molecules usually contain?


  Positive and negative ions
• What is the most abundant component of protoplasm?


  Water
• What is the composition of water?

  Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
• What percentage of living cells is made up of water?


  70% - 95%
• In what physical states does water exist in nature?


  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What role does water play in the body?


  It is a medium for metabolic reactions and helps transport chemicals
• What is a hypertonic solution?


  A solution where water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink
• What is a hypotonic solution?


  A solution that causes the cell to swell
• What is the process of melting?


  The transition from solid to liquid
• What is evaporation?


  The transition from liquid to gas
• What is condensation?


  The transition from gas to liquid
• What is freezing?


  The transition from liquid to solid
• What is deposition?


  The transition from gas to solid
• What is sublimation?


  The transition from solid to gas
• What is the role of gases in food oxidation?


  They are important for releasing energy from food molecules
• What are the two major gases involved in metabolism?

  Oxygen and carbon dioxide
• What is the role of oxygen in cells?


  It is used to release energy from nutrients
• What is carbon dioxide in relation to metabolic activity?


  It is a waste product that must be removed from the body
• What does an acid do to hydrogen ion concentration?


  It raises the hydrogen ion concentration
• What does a base do to hydrogen ion concentration?


  It lowers the hydrogen ion concentration
• What is the pH scale used for?

  To measure the acidity and alkalinity of a solution
• What forms salts?


  Neutralization of acid and base
• What are the vital processes that salts are important for?


  Irritability of muscles and nerves, growth, repair of tissues, and metabolism
• What are organic molecules associated with?


  Living things
• What do organic molecules provide to cells?


  Energy and materials to build cell structure