Chapters 1 to 6

• What is a computer?


  A machine that can carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically.
• What is the primary function of a computer?

  To perform arithmetic or logical operations automatically via programming.
• What is the abacus?


  • An ancient computing device
  • Non-programmable
  • Helps in arithmetic computations
• Who invented the automata in the 1770s?

  Pierre Jaquet-Droz.
• What was the purpose of the Jacquard machine?


  To automate looms using punch cards for woven silk production.
• What was groundbreaking about the Analytical Engine?


  It could be programmed to solve different problems.
• What does ENIAC stand for?

  Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• Who is known as the inventor of programming?

  Ada Lovelace.
• What is Short Code considered to be?


  One of the first higher-level programming languages.
• What does FORTRAN stand for?

  Formula Translation.
• What are some examples of programming languages developed in the 1960s and beyond?

  • C
  • C++
  • Java
  • Python
  • JavaScript
• Why are there so many programming languages?

  To target specific applications and improve code structure.
• What is the difference between interpreting and compiling code?

  • Interpreting: Translates one line at a time and executes immediately.
  • Compiling: Translates all lines before execution.
• What are mixed technique languages?

  Languages that both compile and interpret code.
• What is syntax in programming?


  The rules for how to write a program using a language.
• What are keywords in a programming language?


  Reserved words that cannot be used as identifiers in programs.
• How many keywords do most programming languages typically have?

  Between 30 and 50 keywords.
• What is the purpose of operators in programming?


  To perform operations such as addition, multiplication, and comparisons.
• What does the modulo operator (%) do?

  It returns the remainder of a division operation.
• What is a code block in programming?

  • A lexical structure of source code grouped together.
  • Consists of one or more declarations and statements.
  • Similar to a paragraph in standard text.
• How is programming related to mathematics?

  Programming borrows concepts such as variables and functions from mathematics.
• What are standalone applications?


  • Programs that can work offline.
  • Do not require a network connection.
  • Examples include text editors and simple games.
• What are client-server applications?


  • Applications that run on more than one machine.
  • Examples include chat applications and email clients.
  • They consist of a two-part solution.
• What is an IP address?


  An identifier for computers and devices connected to the internet.
• What is the purpose of an email server?


  To handle incoming and outgoing emails for clients.
• What is a domain name?


  A human-readable address that maps to an IP address.
• What are web applications?


  • A special form of client-server applications.
  • Interact with users via web pages.
  • Logic is processed on the server side.
• What is the web application process?


  1. User input is sent to the server.
  2. Server requests information from the database.
  3. Database returns user information.
  4. Server produces and transmits a web page to the client.
• What are mobile applications?

  • Programs designed for mobile devices.
  • May use device features like GPS and accelerometer.
  • Can be connected like client-server applications.
• What are distributed applications?


  • Applications that run on multiple computers.
  • Communicate over a network.
  • Example: Peer-to-peer networks.
• What is cloud-based computing?

  • Moves away from hosting servers.
  • Uses resources from large data centers.
  • Became popular with Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006.
• What are the advantages of cloud-based applications?

  • Reduced costs for hardware and maintenance.
  • Scalability to adapt to workload changes.
• What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?


  • Handles hardware resources like servers and storage.
  • Provides foundational services for cloud computing.
• What is Platform as a Service (PaaS)?


  • Builds upon IaaS.
  • Contains configured environments for specific purposes.
• What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?


  • Provides hardware, server software, and applications.
  • Users only need to configure it for their needs.
• What is systems software?


  • Software that helps users, applications, and hardware interact.
  • Examples include Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, and iOS.
• What is programming software?


  • Applications used by programmers to develop software.
• What is one advantage of adopting cloud-based applications?

  Reduced costs
• What does scalability refer to in cloud-based applications?

  It refers to how the application can adapt to changes in workload.
• What are the three cloud service models?

  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS)
  • Software as a Service (SaaS)