universality and bias

• bias in psychology when a psychologist's previous beliefs and viewpoints influence their theories and data interpretation. This bias stems from their personal experiences, cultural background, education and gender related societal experiences.
• cultural bias- refers to interpreting and judging human behaviour based on cultural norms and experiences, this often stems from an ethocentric perspective, where researchers view their culture as superior or the standard against which others are evaluated, leading to misrepresentation.
• Universality in psychology is the argument that certain observed behaviours apply to all humans, regardless of differences in gender, biology, or cultural background. when psychologists discover a behaviour, they often claim or assume universality, suggesting it is universally true. However, if their hypothesis is tested on a non-diverse sample, this claim remains an assumption and may not be generalisable to a broader population.
• WEIRD- the majority of pps in psychological research are from Western, educated, industrialated, rich and democratic societies, unlike most of the world's population.