UNIT 1 - The Self in Different Perspectives

• Epistemology - theory of knowledge and how it deals with it.
• Reason - the chief source and test of knowledge in Rationalism
• Reason - enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.
• For PLATO, reason is the highest and most powerful human capacity.
• Metaphysical Concept - a reality which cannot be proven by the human senses but can be intelligible and meaningful with the use of reason.
• Dualism - is the belief in the twofold nature of man as body and soul
• Body - changeable, imperfect and transient
• Soul - unchanging, eternal and immortal
• Introspection - learning about one’s own conscious thoughts or recent mental processes.
• Introspection - pagmumuni-muni or pagbubulay-bulay or pagninilay-nilay or pagsisiyasat ng sarili
• Experience - the chief source and test of knowledge in empiricism.
• Empiricism - is the philosophical approach to knowledge whose truth value can only be verified by the senses.
• Scientific Method

  • Observation
  • Question
  • Hypothesis
  • Experiment
  • Conclusion
  • Result
• Tabula Rasa - John Locke theorized that the mind at birth is a blank page.
• Tabula Rasa - Individuals are born without any mental content.
• Tabula Rasa - Knowledge of something comes from our experience.
• Tabula Rasa - The Self is a by-product of one’s interaction with the environment, and not because of the mind or the soul infused into us.
• Monism - is the view that man is one unitary organic whole with no independent parts.
• Monism - The brain is a part of the body, while the mind is the function of the brain.
• Rationalism - Introspection/Know Thyself

  Empiricism - Monism

  Empiricism - John Locke's Tabula Rasa

  Empiricism - Scientific Method

  Rationalism - Reason

  Rationalism - Dualism

  Rationalism - Metaphysical Concept

  Empiricism - Senses / Experience
• Mentalism - refers to those branches of study that concentrate on perception and thought processes.
• Introspection - is a tool applied to the study of consciousness (or the awareness of what is happening in or around oneself.
• Dr. Sigmund Freud - proposed that an individual does not just behave according to his consciousness.
• Conscious Level

  • Thoughts
  • Perceptions
• Preconscious Level

  • Memories
  • Stored Knowledge
• Unconscious Level

  • Fears
  • Immoral Urges
  • Unacceptable Sexual Desires
  • Irrational Wishes
  • Violent Motives
  • Shameful Experiences
  • Selfish Needs
• Ego - operates based on reality principle
• Superego - operates based on perfection principle
• Id - operates based on pleasure principle
• Thanatos - aggressive or destructive energy
• Eros - libido or sexualized energy
• Conscious - part of the mind which comprises the things one is aware of.
• Preconscious - consists of anything that could potentially be brought into the conscious mind.
• Unconscious - contains the childhood memories and the mental processes away from awareness that significantly affect behavior.
• Neurosis - characterized by anxiety, depression, or other feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proportion to the circumstances of a person's life.
• Behaviorism - is an approach to psychology based on the belief that learning occurs through interactions with the environment.
• The Little Albert Experiment - A little boy used to be fond of bunnies but later on became fearful of them when Watson paired a loud sound whenever the bunny was presented to the child.
• Rewards - Behaviors that lead to pleasant consequences tend to be repeated.
• Punishment - Behaviors that result to unpleasant consequences tend to be avoided.
• Behaviorism - defines the self how is it shaped by our behaviors that lead to either reward or punishment.