Subcellular structures

• Mitochondria 


  Structure: surrounded by a double membrane highly folded

  function: to carry out aerobic respiration and produce ATP
• Golgi


  structure: flattened sacs which aren't connected

  function: modifies polypeptides(protein) into their functional state
• Cytoplasm


  structure: mostly water, surrounds the cells

  function: chemical reactions, contains membrane bound organelles
• nucleolus 


  structure: darkest part of the nucleus

  function: makes ribosomes
• nucleus 


  structure:

  function: contains DNA makes proteins via transcription and translation
• nuclear envelope 


  structure: double membrane with pores(holes)

  function: allows material to leave and enter
• cell membrane/ plasma membrane 


  structure: phospholipid bilayer

  function: controls substances exiting and entering the cells
• RER(rough endoplasmic reticulum)


  structure: series of flattened connected sacs with ribosomes embedded

  function: transport of polypeptides

  ribosomes do protein synthesis and then leave the cell
• Centrioles 


  structure: always at right angles to each other, cylindrical shaped organelles

  function: position chromosomes and also pull them apart during mitosis and meiosis
• SER( smooth endoplasmic reticulum)


  structure: series of connected flattneed sacs, don’t have ribosomes embedded

  function: synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol for the formation and repair as membranes
• Vesicles 


  structure: membrane bound sacs

  function: contain and transport materials within cells

  • transport vesicles
  • secretary vesicles
• Ribosomes 80S


  structure: either free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the RER

  function: protein synthesis

  once the bound ones have compelted protein synthesis they leave the cell
• Lysosomes 


  structure: small spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane

  function: contains enzymes that work in oxygen poor areas and low pH. enzymes digest large molecules
• Cytoskeleton


  structure: shape is from

  • microtubules
  • actin filaments
  • intermediate filaments

  function: helps maintain the cells shape, enable cells to more and divide
• Flagella 


  structure: long stringy structure, longer than cilia

  function: spins to move
• Cilia 


  structure: short stringy structure

  function:extensions, whip (go left to right) along to move. Allows low commotion
• vacuoles 


  Structure: occupies 30-90% of cell volume

  function: maintains turgor pressure
• Cell theory

  • cells basic unit of life
  • all living things are composed of cells
  • cells come from preexisiting cells
• Rules with drawing prokaryotic cells


  -the nucleoid should be drawn as a loop

  -pili and flagella should project from the cell wall

  -ribosomes should be drawn as filled in dots and labelled as 70s in size

  -a flagellum should be thicker than pili and significantly longer in length
• Rules of drawing eukaryotic place cells 


  -same rules as animals

  -a large central vacoule should be included with occupies significant space within the cell

  -a cell wall made of cellulose should be included as a thicker line external to the plasma membrane

  -chloroplasts should be double membrane structures with internal stacks of flattened discs