Internal factors

• Who criticized the National curriculum for being ethnocentric?

  Ball (1994)
• What does Ball (1994) argue about the National curriculum?


  It ignores ethnic diversity and promotes 'little Englandism'
• How does the history curriculum contribute to ethnocentrism according to Ball (1994)?


  It tries to recreate a 'mythical age of empire' while ignoring black and Asian histories
• What term does David (1993) use to describe the National curriculum?


  'Specifically British'
• What does the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) report about ethnic minorities in schools?


  They are more likely to end up in unpopular schools due to biases
• What factors contribute to ethnic minorities ending up in unpopular schools according to the CRE?


  Stereotyping in primary school reports and racist biases in interviews
• What issue do Moore and Davenport highlight regarding selection procedures in schools?


  They lead to ethnic segregation and minority pupils failing to get into better secondary schools
• How do primary school reports affect minority pupils according to Moore and Davenport?


  Reports screen out pupils with language difficulties
• What does Gilborn argue about marketisation in education?


  It allows negative stereotypes to influence school admissions
• How do critical race theorists view institutional racism according to Gilborn?


  As a 'locked-in inequality' that is self-perpetuating
• What does Gilborn (2008) say about ethnic inequality in education?


  It is deep-rooted and practically inevitable
• What do Troyna and Williams (1986) emphasize when explaining ethnic differences in achievement?


  The need to distinguish between individual and institutional racism
• How does Gilborn differentiate between FSP and baseline assessments?


  FSP is based on teacher judgment, while baseline assessments use written tests
• What does Gilborn argue about the assessment game in education?


  It is rigged to validate the dominant culture's superiority
• What does Coard argue about the ethnocentric curriculum?


  It undermines black children's self-esteem and leads to their failure
• How does the 'interaction effect' relate to ethnicity according to the study mentioned?


  Class and gender interact differently with ethnicity depending on the ethnic group
• What did Connolly's study reveal about Asian boys in school?


  They were seen as passive and needed protection from bullying
• What were the responses of boys in Connolly's study to their school environment?


  They sought status in non-academic ways, like playing sports
• What did Evans (2006) suggest about understanding achievement in relation to ethnicity?


  We must consider how ethnicity, class, and gender interact
• What is Sewell's critique of Gilborn's argument regarding institutional racism?


  Sewell argues that external factors should be the focus instead
• What does Gilborn say about the 'Gifted and Talented' programme?


  Whites are more likely to be identified as gifted compared to Black Caribbeans and Africans
• What danger does the AO3 of labelling and pupil responses highlight?


  It risks oversimplifying teacher stereotypes as individual prejudices
• What were the four responses of black boys to school identified by Sewell?


  Rebels, Retreatists, Conformists, Innovators
• How did Mirza (1992) describe the impact of teacher racism on ambitious black girls?


  Racist teachers discouraged them from being ambitious
• What types of teacher racism did Mirza identify?


  Colour blind, Liberal chauvinists, Overt racists
• What did Mac an Ghaill (1992) find about black and Asian A-level students' responses to negative labels?


  Responses depended on factors like ethnic group and gender
• What did Fuller (1984) study about black girls in a London comprehensive school?


  They channeled anger about labels into educational success
• What did Archer's interviews reveal about black and Chinese students?


  Black students were demonized while Chinese students were seen as achieving success in the wrong way
• What are the three pupil identities constructed by Archer?


  Ideal, Pathologised, Demonised
• How did Wright (1992) find Asian pupils were treated in a multi-ethnic primary school?


  They were often ignored and assumed to have a poor grasp of English
• What did Gilborn and Youdell (2000) find about teacher discipline towards black pupils?


  Teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils for the same behavior
• What does the conflict between white teachers and black students stem from according to Gilborn and Youdell?


  From racial stereotypes rather than actual achievement
• What is the impact of negative stereotypes on black pupils' educational outcomes?


  They are more likely to be placed in lower sets or streams
• What external factor does Sewell attribute to the underachievement of boys?


  Absence of fathers and influence of peer groups or street culture
• What are the four responses of boys to the absence of fathers according to Sewell?


  1. Rebels - minority of black pupils
  2. Conformists - largest group, keen to succeed
  3. Retreatists - minority, not part of subcultures
  4. Innovators - pro-education but anti-school
• How did the rebels respond to the educational environment?


  They rejected the educational norms and values
• Who studied ambitious black girls facing teacher racism?

  Mirza
• What strategies did Mirza's studied girls develop to overcome racism?


  They avoided certain subjects and class discussions
• What was the impact of Mirza's strategies on the girls' academic success?


  It restricted their freedom and affected their overall success
• What did Mac an Ghail and Fuller find about black girls in education?


  • Black girls achieved despite negative labels
  • They did not accept the labels given by teachers