Geography rivers

• What are the three sections a river can be split into?

  The upper course, middle course, and lower course
• What is the definition of velocity in the context of rivers?

  Velocity is the speed of the river's flow
• What does discharge refer to in river terminology?


  Discharge is the volume of water flowing through a river per second
• How is precipitation defined?

  Precipitation is any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface
• What does gradient refer to in the context of rivers?


  Gradient refers to the steepness of the river's slope
• What is meant by load size in river terminology?

  Load size refers to the size of the sediment and materials carried by the river
• How is channel width defined?


  Channel width is the distance across the river from bank to bank
• What does channel depth refer to?


  Channel depth is the distance from the water surface to the riverbed
• What is hydraulic action in river processes?


  Hydraulic action is the force of water hitting the river banks, causing erosion
• How does abrasion contribute to river erosion?

  Abrasion occurs when sand and pebbles wear away the riverbed as they are dragged along
• What is attrition in the context of river processes?


  Attrition is when rocks carried by the river collide and break into smaller, rounded pieces
• What does solution mean in river processes?


  Solution is when water dissolves certain types of rocks, such as limestone
• What is transportation in the context of rivers?


  Transportation is how a river carries its load downstream
• What are the four main types of river transportation?

  • Traction: Large stones dragged along the riverbed
  • Saltation: Smaller stones bounced along the riverbed
  • Suspension: Tiny particles carried in the river's current
  • Solution: Dissolved materials carried in the water
• What are the two main types of cells in living organisms?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
• What type of cells are animal and plant cells?

  Eukaryotic
• What are the main components of eukaryotic cells?

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus containing DNA
• What type of cells are bacterial cells?

  Prokaryotic
• What are the main components of prokaryotic cells?


  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Single circular strand of DNA and plasmids
• What are organelles?


  Structures in a cell that have different functions
• How do we use orders of magnitude to compare sizes?


  By expressing how many times bigger or smaller one object is than another
• What does it mean if an object is 10 times bigger than another?


  It is said to be 10$^1$ times bigger
• How do prefixes relate to units of measurement?


  They indicate the multiple of the unit
• What are the prefixes for common metric units and their values?


  • Centi: 0.01
  • Milli: 0.001
  • Micro: 0.000001
  • Nano: 0.000000001
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?


  It contains DNA coding for proteins needed to build new cells
• What is deposition in river processes?


  Deposition is when sediment carried by the river is dropped or settled
• What is the role of cytoplasm in a cell?


  It is the liquid substance where chemical reactions occur
• What is the function of the cell membrane?


  It controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Where do aerobic respiration reactions occur in a cell?


  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of ribosomes?


  Where protein synthesis occurs
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?


  Where photosynthesis takes place
• What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?


  It contains cell sap and improves cell rigidity
• What is the composition of the cell wall in plant cells?


  Made from cellulose
• How do bacterial cells differ from eukaryotic cells in terms of organelles?


  Bacterial cells do not share as many similarities in organelles as animal and plant cells
• What is cell specialization and differentiation?


  • Cells specialize by undergoing differentiation
  • This involves gaining new sub-cellular structures for specific roles
  • Some cells differentiate once, while others (stem cells) can differentiate throughout life
• What is the function of sperm cells?


  To carry the male's DNA to the egg cell for reproduction
• How are nerve cells specialized for their function?


  They transmit electrical signals quickly
• What is the role of muscle cells?


  To contract quickly to move bones or squeeze
• What is the function of root hair cells?


  To take up water and mineral ions from the soil
• What is the role of xylem cells?


  To transport water and mineral ions up the plant