UNIT 4 - The Self in the Social Setting

• Urie Bronfenbrenner - formulated the Ecological Systems Theory to explain how social environments affect children’s development.
• Ecological Systems Theory - explain how social environments affect children’s development. This theory emphasizes the importance of studying children in multiple environments, known as ecological systems, in the attempt to understand their development.
• MICROSYSTEM - this is the system closest to the child and contains the structures with which the child has direct contact.
• Bi-Directional Forces - relationships have an impact in two directions, both away from the child and toward the child.
• MESOSYSTEM - refers to the interconnections among aspects of the microsystems that impact on the individual concerned.
• EXOSYSTEM - this system defines the larger social system in which the child does not function directly. The structures in this layer impact the child’s development by interacting with some structure in her microsystem. The child may not be directly involved at this level, but he does feel the positive or negative force involved with the interaction with his own system.
• MACROSYSTEM - this system may be considered the outermost layer in the child’s environment. This system encompasses the larger cultural context in which the individual resides in.
• CHRONOSYSTEM - system encompasses the dimension of time as it relates to a child’s environment
• Internal - physiological changes that occur with the aging of a child.
• External - the timing of a parent’s death.
• INDIVIDUALISM - emphasizes personal freedom and achievement.
• Individualist culture therefore awards social status to personal accomplishments such as important discoveries, innovations, great artistic or humanitarian achievements and all actions that make an individual stand out.
• COLLECTIVISM - emphasizes embeddedness of individuals in a larger group. It encourages conformity and discourages individuals from dissenting and standing out.
• Horizontal Individualism - Independent/Autonomous self and similar to others, equality in status.
• Vertical Collectivism - Interdependent self and different than others, status differential; inequality is accepted, self-sacrifice for in-group is essential, submission to authority.
• Vertical Individualism - Independent/autonomous self and different from others, status differential expected and accepted; inequality, intragroup competition, submission to authority.
• Horizontal Collectivism - Interdependent self and similar to others, equality in status.
• Vertical Collectivism - Seeing the self as a part of a collective and being willing to accept hierarchy and inequality within that collective.
• Vertical Individualism - Seeing the self as fully autonomous, but recognizing that inequality will exist among individuals and that accepting this inequality.
• Horizontal Collectivism - Seeing the self as part of a collective but perceiving all the members of that collective as equal.
• Horizontal Individualism - Seeing the self as fully autonomous, and believing that equality between individuals is the ideal.
• The Looking-Glass Self - describes how one's self or social identity is dependent on one's appearance to others.
• The Looking-Glass Self - This initial theory was based on Charles Cooley observations of childhood social development.
• The Looking-Glass Self - it is the process of developing self-image on the basis of the messages we get from others, as we understand them.
• The concept of the looking glass self demonstrates that self relation, or how one views oneself is not a solitary phenomenon, but rather includes others.
• Cyber self - is the version of him or herself a person chooses to present on a digital platform.
• I am not what I think I am,

  and I am not what you think I am.

  I am what I think you think I am.
• Johari's Window of the Self - helps us to understand self-awareness and the human interaction that results from our personal self-awareness.
• Johari's Window of the Self - invented by Psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham
• Johari's Window - It is also referred to as a disclosure or feedback model of self-awareness.
• THE HIDDEN FRAME - Things in this area are only known to you but not others.
• THE OPEN FRAME - this area contains things you know about yourself that are visible to others as well.
• THE UNKNOWN FRAME - this area is for things that are either about you that no one is aware of, or that are not applicable to you.
• THE BLIND FRAME - represents information that is known about a person to others but is not known to him/her. This is known as their “blind spot.”