1) The conditions of China in 1936

• What event in 1926 brought the whole of China under a single government?


  The Northern Expedition
• What was the outcome of the Northern Expedition regarding the warlords?


  The GMD made compromises with many warlords, allowing them considerable autonomy.
• When did the attack on the Communists in Shanghai occur?

  April 1927
• What did the attack on the Communists in Shanghai signify for the GMD and CCP relationship?


  It signalled the end of the United Front between the GMD and the CCP.
• What was Jiang's primary goal after the end of the United Front?


  To crush the CCP and reunite China under his leadership.
• By what year had the Communists been driven out of most large cities?

  By 1936
• Where did the Communists manage to cling to their base by 1936?


  In the remote, rural area around Yan'an in Shaanxi province.
• What was the nature of the conflict between GMD forces and the CCP during this period?


  Armed conflict continued throughout the period.
• What was the fate of the Communists by the end of this period?


  They were reduced to a few thousand survivors.
• Big Ears Du


  The man appointed by Jiang to be President of the Opium Suppression Bureau was Du Yuesheng (nicknamed Big Ears Du) who also happened to be the leader of the Green Gang, the main criminal organisation in Shanghai. The Green Gang, which controlled the drug trade, prostitution, gambling and extortion in the city, was hired by the GMD to attack Communists and trade unionists. Du's reward for helping Jiang was to be appointed a general in the army.
• What was the state of the GMD in China in 1936?


  The GMD were corrupt.
• Why did the GMD allow warlords to keep their private armies?


  To gain their acceptance of GMD rule.
• Where did the Communist army relocate to after being targeted by the GMD?


  Yan'an.
• What significant event occurred in 1931 involving Japan?


  Japan invaded Manchuria and renamed it Manchukuo.
• What was the status of Japanese occupation in Manchuria by 1936?


  Japan still occupied the area.
• Who appointed headmen in China?

  Magistrates.
• How was China's economy performing in 1936?

  It was thriving mainly due to infrastructure developments.
• What was the difference in economic conditions between urban and rural areas in China during this time?


  Urban areas thrived while rural areas struggled.
• What social practices persisted in rural China despite economic changes?

  Rich men still had concubines and arranged marriages prevailed.
• How did the Great Depression of 1929 affect farmers in China?


  Farmers struggled due to its effects.
• What military academy did Jiang Jieshi study at?


  Whampoa academy.
• What are the Three Principles of the People according to Jiang Jieshi and Sun Yat-sen?


  Nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood
• Why was nationalism considered the most important principle by Jiang Jieshi and Sun Yat-sen?


  They aimed for China to unite economically and militarily, free from foreign influence
• How did Jiang Jieshi and Sun Yat-sen define democracy?


  As national freedom rather than personal freedom
• What was the concept of 'political tutelage' in Jiang Jieshi's ideology?


  It involved creating a strong state to pave the way for full national independence
• What was the New Life Movement launched by Jiang Jieshi in 1934?


  A campaign to harass the Chinese people to eliminate bad habits
• What types of behaviors did the New Life Movement target?


  Spitting, smoking, and urinating in public
• Why was the New Life Movement considered short-lived?


  Jiang Jieshi's priorities changed by 1936
• What was one of Jiang Jieshi's failures in implementing Sun Yat-sen's policies?


  He could not stop the ongoing 'unequal treaties'
• What significant event occurred regarding Manchuria during Jiang Jieshi's leadership?


  Manchuria fell into the hands of the Japanese