Post-industrial

• post industrial - 1850 onwards
• main changes:

  • urbanisation (rural to urban migration)
  • industrial work
  • increased law and order
  • more advanced technology - stream train
  • middle class emerged
  • literacy skills improved
• post-industrial - Social Class

  • middle class emerged
  • middle class had more time and money
  • rules for sport
  • amateurism and professionalism - broken time payments
  • middle class manners now influenced the more respectable nature of sports/pastimes
  • middle class industrialists sent their sons to public school
  • working, middle and upper - stronger social divisions
• Post-industrial - gender

  • women were expected to be married and be dependent on men, education viewed as pointless and should be dainty
  • schooling for girls was limited - rarely had careers but allowed to become teachers which were low status jobs and bad pay
  • late 19th century - women married less due to shortage of men, they campaigned for their rights giving them freedom to be athletic (lawn tennis - middle class sport for women)
• Post-industrial - law and order

  • development of more defined laws (police force established in 1829 in London)
  • more civilised, skill based sports
  • less blood sports and mob games banned
  • hunting not banned as upper class made the law and played this
  • RSPCA, legal protection of animals
• Post industrial - Education and Literacy

  • National education system introduced
  • working class had little interest in education as child labour still happened so didn't want to give up earnings of their children
  • more literate so rules more complex as education became more accessible for the working class
  • public schools for the middle and upper class
• Post industrial - accessibility of transport

  • Railways for steam trains invented
  • teams could travel further afield to play matches
  • spectators could travel to watch matches
  • standardised rules were needed. FA formed in 1863
  • leagues, cups and competitions established
  • regional, national and finally international competitions were possible
  • development of popular seaside resorts e.g Brighton and Blackpool
  • greatest impact arguably on horse racing (could transport horses to competitions)
• Post industrial - availability of money

  • regular income for working class - increased spectatorism
  • association football was cheap and became a working class game
  • kept workers healthy and loyal - broken time payments for working class
  • middle class families could afford a tennis set
  • upper class families continued their 'country' sports like hunting shooting and fishing - life stayed the same
• post industrial - availability of time

  • sports were more regular as they had more time
  • public paths and public baths improved health of working class
  • factory teams enabled workers to play sport e.g West Ham formed by workers at Thames Iron Work
• Post industrial - Public schools

  • exclusive to upper class and only males
  • exclusive as they had to pay fees
  • promoted sports and ethics
• athleticism - a combination of physical endeavour, or trying hard, and moral integrity or being honourable, truthful and showing good sportsmanship
• Athletics - Amateur Athletic Club

  • most major cities had a running track
  • amateur vs professionalism, gentleman amateurs AAC and working class professionals AAC
  • male dominates
  • ex-university gentleman established rules of AAC in 1866
  • AAC excluded working class
  • fewer working hours like saturday half day increased spectatorism
  • paid to watch events and working class were paid to run
• Lawn tennis

  • invented by the middle class in 1874
  • amateur game
  • social occasion
  • seasonal game
  • clubs established by middle class, park provision came later
  • first Wimbledon was 1877
  • provided freedom for women
  • written rules - invented by Army Major, Wingfield
  • Lawn tennis association established in 1888
  • railways less significant
• cricket

  • national touring sides increased spectatorism e.g William Clarkes All England Eleven - first touring professional team
  • WG Grace - amateur cricketing celebrity
  • strict class divides amateur vs professionalism
  • ex-university gentleman amateurs took dominant roles
  • seasonal games
  • amateurs not paid to play but WG Grace was (shameteur)
  • railways
• gentlemen amateurs - had the time, money and opportunity to play games for the love of the sport
• Working class professionals - could not afford to take the time off work to play sport, therefore used their skill as a means of income
• Association football:

  • simple/affordable - Saturday half day
  • broken time payments for best players - professionalism frowned upon by gentleman amateurs
  • FA established in 1863
  • FA accepted professionalism when football league was founded in 1888
  • male dominated
  • increased literacy - news paper coverage
  • gate money was affordable
  • railways - rules were needed, spectators, regional, national and international