20th century

• changes

  • massive development of scientific and technological innovation
  • many societies became hugely rich, but wealth was still unequally shared
  • considerable growth of cities (urbanisation)
  • communications technology made great advances
  • more time for leisure, less time spent at work and therefore more participated in sport
  • stress during wars and terrorism, the undermining of traditional values and the rapid pace of life took a toll of peoples general health
• social class - early 20th

  • sport still divided by social class

  -working class e.g association football and rugby league

  -middle class e.g tennis, rugby union

  -upper class e.g real tennis, rugby unions and polo

  • amateurism dominated by upper class
  • professionalism dominated by working class
  • all classes played cricket
• gender - early 20th

  • women sports were mainly amateur in tennis and golf
  • women could vote in 1917
  • women has less variety in sports and less events at olympics
  • working class women were excluded from professional sport by the constraints of both time and money
• law and order - early 20th

  • sport played an important role in maintaining troop moral during world war one (1914-18)
  • sport used as a tool to appease to social unrest in society
  • less violence wanted so minor rule changes made to reduce remaining violence e.g nature of tackling in football
  • paid holidays were granted and laws protected against workers rights
• education - early 20th

  • Butler Act - 1944, meant that there was compulsory PE (education isn't just academic but involves the whole person; spiritual, physical and vocational)
  • Education reform act - 1988, introduced 3 schools

  -grammar schools - 11+ enter university

  -secondary modern schools - 4 year course the GCE, enter work post school

  -secondary technical schools - failed 11+ could apply here

  • greater education in all social classes
• availability of time - early 20th

  • more recreational time for upper class and middle class from 1900-1960, less time for working class
  • average working week = 40 hours
  • saturday afternoons and paid holidays (annual leave)
• availability of money - early 20th

  • war impacted unemployment post war meaning less money
  • spectators paid to watch
  • less participation in certain sports by working class e.g golf
  • private schools were expensive
  • space for sport expensive
  • paid holiday and higher average salary = sports such as darts and dominoes flourished
  • working class had disposable income e.g spends left over at pub
• late 20th century = 1960-2000
• social class - late 20th

  • more time for middle class participation, less for working class
  • more money for middle class to participate/less for working class
  • middle and upper class associated with public schools
  • greater equity e.g public parks and baths
  • rugby union turned professional in 1995
• education - late 20th

  • education reform act, 1988 - reiterated the need for broad curriculum e.g pe degrees, gcse, alevel
• availability of time - late 20th

  • more leisure time for many by 2000
  • regular participation in sport
  • weekends and accessible sport
  • paid holidays
• availability of money

  • spectors paid to watch
  • affected participation in certain sports
  • issues of unemployment post war
  • expense of attending private school where there is a comprehensive sporting programme
  • darts, dominoes and billiard flourished in pubs
  • space for sport expensive
  • paid holidays and better pay
• law and order - late 20th

  • 1970-80s increased policing and fencing at matches to deal with football hooligans, racism and homophobia
  • still no effect on cruel activities for upper class e.g fox hunting
  • corruption in sport such drugs and match fixing
• transport - late 20th

  • much more available to everyone
  • car ownership and cheap air travel widespread - mid week european matches
  • football, rugby, cricket and boxing attracted huge crowds
  • shop window effect - when sport is used to promote a country or political system e.g olympics
• gender - late 20th

  • opportunities for women increased from 60s due to womens liberation movement
  • swing towards 'looking good' and uncompetitive approach e.g aerobics
  • women still not allowed to participate in boxing
  • still more participation by men
  • womens sports lacked spectators, media and professionalism
  • Netball established in 1890s expamds a dominant female sport
  • women participated in mens sport e.g Dick Kerrs ladies football team from preston
  • FA ban of womens football at its members ground rescinded in 1971
  • first women olympic marathon in LA - 1984