Lecture XI

• Endocrine: release (starts with r)
• Endocrine places hormones into the blood or interstitial fluid
• Endocrine hormones promote intercellular communication
• Exocrine glands have ducts that release molecules onto a surface
• Compound glands are the most complex and create the most issues
• Method of secretion is important. Secretions are not for communication and have many functions
• Apocrine secretion. First create secretions
• Apocrine secretion. First create secretions, then package molecules into vesicles using the golgi apparatus
• Apocrine secretion. First create secretions, then package molecules into vesicles using the golgi apparatus. Next, vesicles get pushed to the apical edge of the cell
• Apocrine secretion. First create secretions, then package molecules into vesicles using the golgi apparatus. Next, vesicles get pushed to the apical edge of the cell. There the cell separates the apical portion full of vesicles
• Apocrine secretion. First create secretions, then package molecules into vesicles using the golgi apparatus. Next, vesicles get pushed to the apical edge of the cell. There the cell separates the apical portion full of vesicles. Finally, the cell regrows
• Holocrine secretion. Create secretions
• Holocrine secretion. Create secretions. Package molecules into vesicles
• Holocrine secretion. Create secretions. Package molecules into vesicles. Fill the cell with vesicles
• Holocrine secretion. Create secretions. Package molecules into vesicles. Fill the cell with vesicles. When cells reach the top layer, they lyse (burst) and release vesicles
• Merocrine (eccrine) secretion is the least destructable
• Merocrine (eccrine) secretion. Create secretions
• Merocrine (eccrine) secretion. Create secretions. Package molecules into vesicles.
• Merocrine (eccrine) secretion. Create secretions. Package molecules into vesicles. Vesicles leave and empty through exocytosis
• The integument and cutaneous membrane includes the cutaneous membrane, superficial fascia, accessory structure
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Protection, a barrier from the outside world
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Creating lipids in the dermis and adipose tissue of the superficial
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Create lipids from the reticular layer of the dermis and the hypodermis
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Defense against cancers and pathogens, such as the white blood cells in skin defend
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Sensation, sensory neurons called receptors are in the skin
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Excretes many substances from acids, salts, and some waste products
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Regulates body temperature which includes sweat for evaporative cooling and blood flow for radiative cooling.
• Functions of the integument and cutaneous membrane. Regulates body temperature which includes sweat for evaporative cooling and blood flow for radiative cooling. Sweat flow is only for heat and blood flow is for heat and cooling as it either moves blood to the surface or core
• Layers are the epidermis and dermis
• Epidermis is all epithelial tissue
• Epidermis is avascular (starts with a)
• Epidermis is stratified squamous epithelia
• Epidermis is most keratinized so protective, dry, tough
• There are four or five epidermal layers
• Superficial to deep epidermal layers:

  • stratum corneum (not always present)
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
• Stratum corneum is composed of dead cells which are flattened and dry and water resistant, with dead keratinocytes
• Stratum lucidum is only in the palms and soles, with extra layers of dead keratinocytes
• Stratum granulosum is where cells start dying because they're further away from blood vessels
• Stratum granulosum is where cells are still alive but have slow metabolism
• Stratum granulosum is where cells package keratin into granules