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• What was the primary role of artisans in ancient and medieval architecture?


  They were responsible for architectural design and construction.
• How was knowledge of construction retained during ancient and medieval times?

  Knowledge was retained in guilds and rarely advanced.
• What characterized the structures built during ancient and medieval times?

  Structures were repetitive and increased in scale incrementally.
• When did the earliest practices of civil engineering occur?


  Between 4000 BC and 2000 BC.
• Where were the earliest practices of civil engineering found?


  In ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia.
• What significant construction occurred between 2700 BC and 2500 BC?


  The construction of pyramids in Egypt.
• What is one of the notable structures built during the same period as the pyramids?

  The Colosseum in Rome.
• Name another significant structure built between 2700 BC and 2500 BC.


  The Great Wall of China.
• What is another famous structure from the same period?

  The Taj Mahal of India.
• What was the first major Roman road constructed?

  The Appian Way.
• What was the purpose of the Appian Way?


  To serve as a supply route between republican Rome and its allies.
• What significant material did the Romans develop in 27 BC?


  Opus caementicium, or Roman concrete.
• What was the composition of Roman concrete?


  Limestone mixed with volcanic ash.
• How does Roman concrete compare to modern cement?


  It is weaker but long-lasting.
• When did the term "Civil Engineering" come into use?


  In the 18th century.
• What does the term "Civil Engineering" refer to?


  Engineering work performed by civilians for non-military purposes.