Architecture and Others

• Architecture


  The Greeks and Romans are known for their majestic architectural design. They used different

  orders of columns namely the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
• Doric Columns

  simple and feature circular capitals with no base
• Ionic columns

  Feature volutes on their capitals and have bases that look like stacked rings
• Architecture


  ____________

  A) Doric

  B) Ionic

  C) Corinthian

  
• Vocabulary

  A) Capitals

  B) Volutes

  C) Portraiture

  
• Though very similar in different aspects, the two ancient civilizations still have differences. The Greeks favored the Doric and Ionic orders, while Romans mostly used the Corinthian. The Greeks relied on their posts and beams, and the Romans introduced the arches, vaults, and domes. Though both used marbles and limestones, the Romans perfected the use of concrete.
• Temples are iconic symbols of Ancient Greece, such as those in Ionia and the Erechtheion which remind the world of their various gods and goddesses.
• Parthenon

  • Arguably the most famous temple
  • Situated in the Acropolis, it housed the massive forty-feet-tall statue of Athena along with so many sculptures
  • It features Doric columns and rectangular plan.
  • It used entasis, which gave it the illusion of being perfectly straight.
  • Built between 447 and 432 BCE, it measures 30.88 meters by 69.5 meters, making it the largest Doric Greek Temple.
• Parthenon


  _________

  
• Pantheon

  • Roman
  • was built for the public appearances of the emperor.
  • The statues of different gods and goddesses inside, such as Venus and Mars, gave the emperor a more divine status.
  • It has a porch and a circular main building.
  • The porch has Corinthian columns made of granite and marble.
  • The concrete dome is so elaborate and well-decorated.
  • Its rotunda is a perfect hemisphere with a diameter of 43.2 meters.
• The oldest known amphitheater is the spectacula and was built in 75 BCE.
• Stadiums


  also known as stadion, were made to host athletic events that honor the ancient Greek and Roman gods and goddesses. With the seating capacity ranging from 30,000 to 45,000, the audience watches different races such as diaulos, hippios, dolichos and the hoplitodromos. The Olympic games started in the stadion with the races as the original events. Leonidas from Rhodes was the most popular athlete in his time having won in at least four consecutive Olympiads.
• Ampitheater


  The early Greeks and Romans are also known for their theaters and stadiums where they watch gladiator fights, athletic events, mock naval battles, and public executions. The semicircle, open-air amphitheater have good acoustics. Its shape and rising rows of seats offer a good view at any angle.
• Colosseums

  • The gigantic Roman colosseums can accommodate many spectators with the largest can hold up to 50,000 viewers.
  • They were state of the art during their heydays.
  • They featured elaborate exteriors, good seating, underground rooms, drainage system, and multiple entrances.
• The most popular is the Flavian Amphitheater, it is 45 meters tall and 189 x 156 meters across. Opened on 80 CE, it has velarium which protected the guests from heat and rain.
• Colosseums


  __________

  
• Painting


  There are only a few things to tell about classical paintings for the Greeks and Romans focused on architecture and sculpture.
• The oldest paintings of the Greeks can be found on their pottery. Started with painting geometric designs on their vases, they soon included oriental images such as sphinxes and lions on their designs.
• The black figure design was then developed which used silhouettes of solid black figures. They also reversed this technique and created the red figure design which leaves orange silhouettes on black background.
• The Greeks also painted on walls and created murals on tombs. The most famous wall painting is the Tomb of the Diver. They mirrored their techniques in mural paintings and brought in panels.
• Tomb of the Diver

  
• The Romans painted in murals, panels, and manuscripts. Their subjects can be either pagan or Christian. They are known for four styles of paintings.
• Roman Styles of Painting

  • masonry style
  • three-dimensional style
  • tapestry style
  • hybrid style
• masonry style


  gives an illusion of stone blocks to a wall
• three-dimensional style


  uses shades and perspectives to make images appear 3D
• tapestry style


  gives an impression of a wall covered with tapestries
• hybrid style


  which combines the other styles in painting
• During the Early Christian Age, Romans painted biblical images that combined pagan elements on their catacombs. They used different symbols for famous characters
• Roman Early Christian Age Symbols

  shepherd, wine and bread or fish for Jesus;

  lion for Mark,

  eagle for John

  man for Matthew.

  bull for Luke,