Respiration

• What is the difference between breathing and respiration?


  Breathing is the physical process of inhaling and exhaling, while respiration is a chemical process at the cellular level.
• Where does respiration take place?


  Respiration takes place at a cellular level.
• What is the role of ATP in respiration?

  ATP transfers energy within cells.
• What is the process of aerobic respiration?

  Aerobic respiration is the release of energy using oxygen to break down food.
• What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

  Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
• What are the products of aerobic respiration?

  The products are energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
• How much ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?


  Approximately 38 molecules of ATP are produced.
• Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?

  Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cells.
• Why do muscle cells have many mitochondria?


  Muscle cells have many mitochondria because they require large amounts of energy.
• What happens to the energy released during respiration?


  It is used to convert ADP into ATP and is also released as heat.
• What is the efficiency of cellular respiration?


  Cellular respiration is about 40% efficient.
• Why is the heat released during respiration useful?


  It helps to keep our body temperature constant at around 37°C.
• What is lactic acid and why is it significant during anaerobic respiration?


  Lactic acid is a muscle toxin that builds up during anaerobic respiration and causes soreness.
• What are the key functions of ATP in cells?


  • Synthesizing complex molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)
  • Cell growth
  • Repair and maintenance of cells
  • Active transport across cell membranes
  • Providing energy to specialized cells (nerve, muscle, sperm, liver, kidney)
• What are the steps involved in aerobic respiration?


  1. Glucose and oxygen are taken in.
  2. Energy is released through a series of chemical reactions.
  3. ATP is produced.
  4. Carbon dioxide and water are expelled as waste.
• What happens during anaerobic respiration when oxygen is insufficient?


  • Cells switch to anaerobic respiration.
  • Lactic acid builds up, causing muscle soreness.
  • Less energy is produced compared to aerobic respiration.
• Why do we breathe heavily during intense exercise?

  We breathe heavily to supply more oxygen to our cells for aerobic respiration.
• How does the efficiency of cellular respiration compare to that of a petrol engine?


  Cellular respiration is about 40% efficient, while a petrol engine is about 25% efficient.
• Nitrogen in air


  A colourless, odourless gas making up most of the air (78%)
• Oxygen in air


  A colourless, odourless gas that we breathe in and our cells use to produce energy (21%)
• Carbon dioxide in air


  A colourless, odourless gas that we exhale out as a byproduct of cellular energy production (0.04%)
• Water vapor in air


  A variable amount of water molecules in the air, contributed by breathing and sweating, which helps regulate temperature
• Temperature of air


  A variable measure of the air's warmth or coolness, affecting how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved in it
• Why do we breathe?

  To get oxygen for our cells to produce energy and to remove carbon dioxide, a waste product, from our bodies
• Inhalation - Intercostal Muscles


  External intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal muscles relax
• Exhalation - Intercostal Muscles


  Internal intercostal muscles contract, external intercostal muscles relax
• Diaphragm in Inhalation


  Contracts, increasing chest cavity volume
• Diaphragm in Exhalation


  Relaxes, decreasing chest cavity volume
• Volume Changes during Exhalation

  Decreases as lungs get smaller