NSAIDs GOUT

• What are the essential roles of blood cells?


  Oxygenation of tissues, coagulation, protection against infections, and tissue repair
• What is anemia?

  Anemia is a deficiency in oxygen-carrying erythrocytes
• How is microcytic anemia classified?


  Microcytic anemia is classified due to an insufficient supply of iron
• What causes macrocytic anemia?


  Macrocytic anemia is often due to a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid
• What is the pharmacologic treatment for anemia?


  Replacement of the missing substance
• What are recombinant hematopoietic growth factors used for?


  They stimulate the production of various lineages of blood cells
• What are the types of hematopoietic factors mentioned?


  • Platelet factor
  • Granulocyte factors
  • Erythrocyte factors
• What is Cobalamin?


  Cobalamin is another name for vitamin B12
• What is dTMP synthesis?


  It is a set of biochemical reactions that produce deoxythymidylate, essential for DNA synthesis
• What does G-CSF stand for?


  Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
• What does GM-CSF stand for?


  Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
• What is hemochromatosis?


  It is a condition of chronic excess total body iron
• What characterizes macrocytic anemia?


  It is characterized by abnormally large erythrocytes
• What is microcytic anemia caused by?


  It is often caused by iron deficiency
• What is neutropenia?


  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the blood
• What is pernicious anemia?


  Pernicious anemia is a form of megaloblastic anemia due to intrinsic factor deficiency
• What is thrombocytopenia?


  Thrombocytopenia is an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood
• What are the causes of blood cell deficiencies?

  • Disease manifestation
  • Adverse effects of radiation
  • Cancer chemotherapy
• What is the role of iron in the body?

  Iron is essential for oxygen transport in the blood
• Where is most of the body's iron contained?

  Most of the iron is contained in hemoglobin
• What is transferrin?


  Transferrin is a transport protein that binds iron
• What causes iron deficiency?


  Iron deficiency occurs most often in women due to menstrual blood loss
• How is iron absorbed in the body?


  Iron crosses the intestinal mucosal cell membrane by active transport and heme absorption
• What happens to iron in intestinal cells?


  Iron is either stored as ferritin or transported across the basolateral membrane
• How is ferric iron transported in the body?


  Ferric iron is transported in a complex with transferrin
• What are the minimal losses of iron from the body?

  Minimal amounts of iron are lost through sweat, saliva, and exfoliated cells
• What is the clinical use of iron administration?


  Iron administration is used for the prevention or treatment of iron deficiency anemia
• How is iron deficiency diagnosed?


  It is diagnosed from red blood cell changes and measurements of serum and bone marrow iron stores
• What forms of iron supplementation are available?

  Ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate
• What is the treatment for hemolytic anemia regarding iron?


  Iron should not be given in hemolytic anemia because stores are elevated
• What is ferumoxytol?

  Ferumoxytol is a super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle coated with carbohydrate
• What are the signs of acute iron intoxication?

  Signs include necrotizing gastroenteritis, shock, metabolic acidosis, coma, and death
• What is the treatment for acute iron intoxication?


  Immediate treatment includes removal of unabsorbed tablets and parenteral administration of deferoxamine
• How is chronic iron toxicity treated?


  Treatment of genetic hemochromatosis is usually by phlebotomy
• What is the role of vitamin B12?

  Vitamin B12 is a cofactor in the transfer of 1-carbon units necessary for DNA synthesis
• How is vitamin B12 absorbed?

  Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the presence of intrinsic factor
• What are the two available forms of vitamin B12?

  Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin
• What are the two essential reactions involving vitamin B12?


  Conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and conversion of homocysteine to methionine
• What are the consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency?


  • Anemia
  • Neurologic defects that may become irreversible
• What is the relationship between vitamin B12 and folic acid?

  • Vitamin B12 is linked to folic acid metabolism
  • Both are necessary for DNA synthesis