ANA1 L1 Intro

• What are the levels of organization in the body?

  Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System
• What are the fundamental bodily functions and the systems involved in support and movement?

  • Support and Movement:
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
• What are the fundamental bodily functions and the systems involved in control and integration?

  • Control and Integration:
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
• What are the fundamental bodily functions and the systems involved in regulation and maintenance?

  • Regulation and Maintenance:
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
• What is the fundamental bodily function involved in reproduction?

  • Reproductive system
• What are the main body cavities?

  • Thoracic
  • Abdominopelvic
  • Cranial
  • Spinal
• What are the types of membranes in the body?

  • Mucous membrane
  • Serous membrane
• What is a membrane in the context of the body?


  A thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
• What are the components of membranes?


  Epithelium and connective tissue
• What are the characteristics of mucous membranes?


  • Various kinds of epithelium on thick connective tissue
  • Lines cavities that open to the outside (e.g., digestive, respiratory)
  • Some have mucus glands that secrete mucus
  • Functions: Protection, Absorption, Secretion
• What are the characteristics of serous membranes?


  • Simple squamous epithelium on delicate loose connective tissue
  • Lines trunk cavities and covers organs (e.g., pleural, peritoneal)
  • Secretes serous fluid for lubrication
  • Function: Protection
• What is the role of body cavity membranes?


  • Lined with serous membranes
  • Provide a smooth surface for internal organs
• What are the names of the body cavity membranes?

  • Pleura
  • Pericardium
  • Peritoneum
  • Mesentery
  • Omentum
• What are the abdominal quadrants used for?


  • Describe the location of abdominopelvic organs
  • Vertical line: Midsagittal line
  • Horizontal line: Transumbilical line
• What are the abdominal regions used for?


  • Describe the location of abdominopelvic organs
  • Vertical lines: L midclavicular line, R midclavicular line
  • Horizontal lines: Subcostal, Transtubercular line
• What is the purpose of anatomico-medical terminology?


  To enable precise communication among healthcare professionals worldwide
• What is the anatomical position?


  A reference position used to describe the relationship of structures in the human body
• What are anatomical planes?


  • Imaginary flat surfaces used to describe sections and structures
  • Intersect the body in the anatomical position:
  • Midsagittal
  • Sagittal
  • Frontal
  • Transverse
• What is the midsagittal plane?


  A vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
• What does the sagittal plane do?


  Divides the body into unequal right and left halves
• What is the coronal plane?


  A vertical plane that divides the body into front and back portions
• What is the transverse plane?


  A plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves
• What are anatomical sections?


  • Describe and display anatomical structures
  • Provide views of the body as if cut along particular planes:
  • Longitudinal section
  • Transverse section
  • Oblique section
• What is a longitudinal section?


  A section that runs lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body
• What is a transverse section?


  A section cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body
• What is an oblique section?


  A section that is not cut along one of the anatomical planes
• What is the axis of rotation?


  A line at right angles to the plane in which adjacent limb segments move
• What is the longitudinal/vertical axis?


  A line passing through a bone or segment around which parts are symmetrically arranged
• What are terms of relationship and comparison in anatomy?


  • Describe the relationship of body parts in anatomical position
  • Adjectives arranged as pairs of opposites
• What does cranial mean in anatomical terms?


  • Toward the head
• What does caudal mean in anatomical terms?


  • Towards the tail region
• What does anterior mean in anatomical terms?


  • Front surface of the body
  • Rostral = anterior of brain
  • Ventral = anterior of trunk
• What does superior mean in anatomical terms?


  • Nearer the vertex (topmost point of the cranium)
• What does inferior mean in anatomical terms?


  • Nearer the sole of the foot
• What does posterior mean in anatomical terms?


  • Back surface of the body or nearer the back
  • Dorsum = Superior or posterior surface of any part that protrudes anteriorly
• What does palmar/volar mean in anatomical terms?


  • Flat of the hand; opposite dorsum of the hand
• What does plantar mean in anatomical terms?


  • Inferior aspect or bottom of the foot
• What does medial mean in anatomical terms?


  • Nearer the median plane
  • Ulnar = medial of forearm
  • Tibial = medial of leg
• What does lateral mean in anatomical terms?


  • Farther from the median plane
  • Radial = lateral of forearm
  • Fibular = lateral of leg
• What does external mean in anatomical terms?

  • Nearer to the surface in any direction
  • Synonymous to OUTER
  • Any body part that is visible on the outside