AI Cards from powerpoint

• What is the difference between a gene and an allele?


  A gene is a factor that determines an inherited characteristic, while an allele is an alternative form of a gene.
• What distinguishes dominant traits from recessive traits?


  Dominant traits mask the effect of recessive traits in the phenotype.
• How do phenotype and genotype differ?


  Phenotype refers to the physical appearance, while genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual.
• What do homozygous and heterozygous mean?


  Homozygous means having the same alleles for a trait, while heterozygous means having different alleles for a trait.
• What is the principle of segregation?


  The principle of segregation states that pairs of hereditary factors separate during gamete formation, with each gamete receiving one factor.
• How can a Punnett square be used in genetics?


  A Punnett square can be used to calculate the expected ratios of phenotypes and genotypes from a genetic cross.
• What are the steps to construct a Punnett square for a monohybrid cross?


  1. Assign letters to traits/alleles.
  2. Write out the parents' genotypes.
  3. Draw a square with two columns and two rows.
  4. Write the alleles for one parent above the columns and the other parent to the left of the rows.
  5. Fill in each box with the combination of alleles.
  6. Calculate the probability of each genotype and phenotype.
• What ratio of dominant to recessive traits did Mendel observe in his experiments?


  Mendel observed a ratio of about 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.
• What does it mean for a plant to be pure-breeding?


  A pure-breeding plant produces the same traits in successive generations.
• What is a monohybrid cross?


  A monohybrid cross studies only one pair of contrasting characteristics.
• What is the term for the combination of alleles for a particular trait?


  The combination of alleles for a particular trait is called the genotype.
• How are dominant and recessive alleles represented?


  Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters, while recessive alleles are represented by lowercase letters.
• What is the meaning of the term 'hemizygous'?

  Hemizygous refers to having only one allele for a trait, as seen in males for X-linked traits.
• What is codominance?

  Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type A?


  The possible genotypes for blood type A are AA and AO.
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type B?


  The possible genotypes for blood type B are BB and BO.
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type AB?


  The possible genotype for blood type AB is AB.
• What are the possible genotypes for blood type O?


  The possible genotype for blood type O is OO.
• Who was Gregor Mendel?


  Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who first explained patterns of inheritance.
• What are the two principles Mendel put forward regarding inheritance?


  Mendel proposed that hereditary characteristics are controlled by genes that occur in pairs and that these pairs separate during gamete formation.
• What did Walter Sutton suggest about hereditary factors?


  Walter Sutton suggested that hereditary factors, or genes, are located in chromosomes.
• What is the significance of Mendel's findings?


  Mendel's findings went unnoticed for 35 years before their significance was realized in understanding inheritance patterns.
• What is the role of gametes in Mendelian inheritance?


  Gametes unite at fertilization, allowing different combinations of genes to come together.
• What is the expected phenotype ratio in a monohybrid cross?


  The expected phenotype ratio in a monohybrid cross is 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.
• What does the term 'hybrid' refer to in genetics?


  A hybrid refers to an offspring that contains genetic information from both parents.
• What is the physical appearance of an organism called?


  The physical appearance of an organism is called the phenotype.
• How are genes represented in genetic notation?


  Genes are represented by two letters, with dominant alleles as capital letters and recessive alleles as lowercase letters.
• What is the meaning of the term 'allele'?


  An allele is an alternative form of a gene.
• What is the significance of the ABO blood type system?


  The ABO blood type system involves multiple alleles in the inheritance of blood types.
• What is the role of a pedigree in genetics?


  A pedigree is used to track the phenotypes produced in a family and understand inheritance patterns.
• What are the conventions used in constructing pedigrees?


  • Males are represented by squares.
  • Females are represented by circles.
  • Individuals with the trait are shaded.
  • A union is represented by a line joining symbols.
  • Consanguineous unions are represented by double lines.
  • Vertical lines connect to children.
  • Twins are indicated by lines from the same point.
  • Death is indicated by a diagonal line through the symbol.
  • Generations are numbered by Roman numerals.
• How can pedigree charts be used to determine genotypes?


  Pedigree charts can be used to determine genotypes by analyzing the inheritance patterns of traits and whether they are dominant or recessive.
• What is the significance of shaded individuals in a pedigree?


  Shaded individuals in a pedigree represent those with the particular characteristic under study.
• How can you determine the mode of inheritance from a pedigree?


  The mode of inheritance can be determined by analyzing the pattern of inheritance in the pedigree, such as whether the trait is autosomal or X-linked, dominant or recessive.
• What is a single-gene disorder?


  A single-gene disorder is caused by the inheritance of a single defective gene.
• Why are severe genetic defects rarely passed on to the next generation?


  Severe genetic defects are rarely passed on because affected individuals often do not survive to reproduce.
• What are the effects of Huntington’s disease?


  Huntington’s disease leads to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
• What is the mode of inheritance for Huntington’s disease?


  The mode of inheritance for Huntington’s disease is autosomal dominant.
• Why has the allele for Huntington’s disease persisted in the population?


  The allele for Huntington’s disease has persisted because it often manifests after reproductive age, allowing carriers to pass it on to offspring.
• How is sex determined in humans?

  Sex is determined by the combination of sex chromosomes, with XX for females and XY for males.