Approaches Checklist

• Origins of Psychology:

  Wundt, Introspection and the emergence of Psychology as a science.
• Learning approaches:

  The behaviourist approach- including classical conditioning and Pavlov's research, operant conditioning- types of reinforcement and Skinner's research.

  Social Learning Theory including imitation, identification, modelling, vicarious reinforcement, the role of mediational processes and Bandura's research.
• The Cognitive approach: the study of internal, mental processes, the role of schema, the use of theoretical and computer models to explain and make inferences about mental processes. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience.
• The Biological Approach: the influence of genes, biological structures and neurochemistry on behaviour. Genotype and phenotype, genetic basis of behaviour, evolution and behaviour.
• The Psychodynamic Approach: the role of the unconscious, the structure of personality, that is ID, ego and superego, defence mechanisms including repression, denial and displacement, psychosexual stages.
• Humanistic Psychology: free will, self-actualisation and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, focus on the self, congruence, the role of conditions of worth. The influence on counselling psychology.