Module 1

• What does the disease model emphasize in psychology?


  It emphasizes curing mental disorders.
• Who were some pioneers associated with the psychoanalytical school of thought?


  Freud, Adler, Klein, Jung, and Erickson.
• What new view of human behavior did B.F. Skinner present in the 1930s?


  Human behavior could be modified through reinforcements and punishments.
• What did Martin Seligman identify as the three consequences of scientific investigation in psychology?


  Victimology, neglect of normal lives, and lack of positive interventions.
• What are the key concepts related to mental illness as discussed in the module?

  • Dysfunction
  • Distress
  • Deviance
  • Dangerousness
• What does dysfunction refer to in the context of mental illness?


  Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
• How can distress manifest in an individual?


  As psychological or physical pain in social or occupational activities.
• What does deviance indicate in terms of behavior?


  Behavior that occurs infrequently and strays from societal norms.
• How does culture influence the definition of normal behavior?


  Culture determines what is considered normal and can change over time.
• What is the DSM-5?


  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition.
• What is the significance of the term "dangerousness" in mental health?


  It refers to behavior that poses a threat to oneself or others.
• What is the definition of abnormal psychology?


  The scientific study of abnormal behavior to predict, explain, diagnose, and treat maladaptive behavior.
• What characterizes mental disorders?

  Psychological dysfunction causing distress or impaired functioning not aligned with societal standards.
• What are the key components of classifying mental disorders?

  • Classification and nomenclature
  • Epidemiology
  • Presenting problem and clinical description
  • Prevalence and incidence
  • Comorbidity, etiology, course, prognosis, treatment
• What does epidemiology study in the context of mental health?


  The frequency and causes of mental disorders in specific populations.
• What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?


  Prevalence is the percentage of people with a disorder, while incidence refers to the number of new cases over a specific time period.
• What is point prevalence?


  The proportion of a population that has a characteristic at a specific point in time.
• Who was the earliest proponent of the moral treatment movement?

  Francis Pinel.
• What did William Tuke establish for the mentally ill?


  The York Retreat, a pleasant rural estate for humane treatment.
• What was Benjamin Rush's contribution to American psychiatry?


  He advocated for humane treatment and respect for the mentally ill.
• What led to the decline of the moral treatment movement?


  The rise of the mental hygiene movement focusing on physical well-being.
• What two perspectives emerged after the decline of the moral treatment approach?


  The biological (somatogenic) perspective and the psychological (psychogenic) perspective.
• How was mental illness viewed during the Middle Ages?


  As possession by the Devil, leading to inhumane treatments.
• What was the impact of the Black Death on mental health perceptions?


  It led to an epidemic of depression and fear, influencing views on mental illness.
• What philosophical movement emerged during the Renaissance that influenced views on mental illness?


  Humanism, emphasizing human welfare and individuality.
• Who published "On the Deceits of the Demons"?

  Johann Weyer.
• What was the purpose of asylums during the 16th century?


  To provide care for the mentally ill as their numbers increased.
• What treatment method was used by prehistoric cultures for mental illness?


  Trephination, to release evil spirits from the skull.
• What was the common belief about abnormal behavior in ancient cultures?


  It was often attributed to supernatural forces like evil spirits or demons.
• What treatment method was commonly used in early Greek and Egyptian cultures?

  Exorcism, to rid individuals of evil spirits.
• What did the government realize about mental illness in relation to private homes?


  There were far too many people afflicted with mental illness to be left in private homes.
• What was the initial intent behind converting hospitals and monasteries into asylums?


  The intent was benign, aiming to provide care for those with mental illness.
• What were prehistoric beliefs about abnormal behavior?


  • Viewed as the work of evil spirits, demons, gods, or witches.
  • Associated with behavior contrary to religious teachings.
  • Treatment included trephination to release evil spirits.
• What technique did cave dwellers use to treat mental illness?

  Trephination, using a stone instrument to remove part of the skull.
• What methods were used in ancient cultures for exorcism?


  • Prayer and magic
  • Flogging and starvation
  • Ingesting horrible tasting drinks
  • Noise-making
• Who was Hippocrates and what was his view on mental disorders?


  Hippocrates was a Greek physician who believed mental disorders had natural causes.
• How did Hippocrates classify mental disorders?


  He classified them into melancholia, mania, and phrenitis.
• What are the four humors described by Hippocrates?


  Blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
• What happens when the humors are imbalanced according to Hippocrates?


  Mental disorders occur, such as excess yellow bile causing frenzy.
• What was Plato's view on the mentally ill?


  He believed they were not responsible for their actions and should not be punished.