conjugal roles

• Who believes that the division of labor between males and females is based on biological differences?

  Parsons
• What roles does Parsons attribute to women and men in the division of labor?


  Women are suited to nurturing roles, while men are suited to being breadwinners
• What does Parsons claim about the division of labor's benefits?


  It is beneficial to men, women, children, and wider society
• Who are the conservative thinkers that share Parsons' view on gender roles?


  The new right
• What are the two types of conjugal roles distinguished by Elizabeth Bott?


  • Segregated conjugal roles: separate roles for males and females, with leisure activities also separate.
  • Joint conjugal roles: shared tasks and leisure time together.
• What does Bott argue about the trend in conjugal roles?


  There has been a shift from segregated to joint conjugal roles
• What factors explain the rise of the symmetrical family?


  • Changing position of women: education, autonomy, dual income families, reproductive rights.
  • Geographic mobility: post-WWII social mobility and reliance on partners.
  • New technology: labor-saving devices promoting equality in household tasks.
  • Higher standards of living: more time spent at home with family.
• What improved opportunities have contributed to the changing position of women?

  Education
• How have women challenged traditional gender norms?


  By advocating for greater autonomy and criticizing the 'housewife' role
• What is a characteristic of 'dual income' families?


  Men share housework responsibilities
• What significant social change occurred after World War Two regarding geographic mobility?


  People were forced to set up homes elsewhere due to bombings
• What does "white flight" refer to in the context of Bethnal Green?


  Traditional working-class Londoners moving out as European migrants arrived
• How did geographic mobility contribute to the shift in conjugal roles?


  Couples had to rely on each other for support rather than extended family
• How have new technologies contributed to equality between couples?


  By redistributing household responsibilities through labor-saving devices
• What are examples of labor-saving devices mentioned in the study material?


  Dishwashers, washing machines, and smart home devices
• How do labor-saving devices affect traditional gender roles?


  They foster collaboration and promote a more balanced partnership
• How have higher standards of living changed family dynamics?


  Partners spend more time at home with their families
• What demographic context did Wilmott and Green study in Bethnal Green in 1951?


  It was a very white and traditional area of domestication
• What types of jobs were available in Bethnal Green in the 1950s?


  Heavy careers such as building ships and cutting steel
• How did male conjugal roles manifest in Bethnal Green during the 1950s?


  Men spent little time at home and expected their wives to manage everything
• What were women's roles in Bethnal Green during the 1950s?


  Women primarily played the expressive role, managing home and childcare
• How did women in Bethnal Green rely on their kinship networks in the 1950s?


  They depended on female kinship networks for support
• What demographic changes occurred in Bethnal Green by the 1970s?


  It became a very young and multicultural place
• What types of jobs replaced the warship and factory jobs in Bethnal Green by the 1970s?


  Jobs in banking and finance
• How did male conjugal roles change in Bethnal Green during the 1970s?


  Men were expected to do more around the house, including childcare
• What impact did household appliances have on female conjugal roles in the 1970s?


  They made housework easier, contributing to more symmetrical families
• What were the key differences in conjugal roles between the 1950s and 1970s in Bethnal Green?


  1950s:

  • Segregated roles: men as breadwinners, women as homemakers.
  • Limited leisure time together.

  
  

  1970s:

  • More symmetrical roles: men involved in childcare and housework.
  • Couples spending leisure time together.
• Who is Ann Oakley and what is her stance in sociology?


  Ann Oakley is a liberal feminist and a vocal critic of Y+W and the symmetrical family.
• What is Ann Oakley's criticism regarding the research conducted by Y+W?


  She criticizes the validity of their findings based on a poorly designed question.
• What was the specific question used by Y+W to assess men's participation in housework?


  “Do you/your husband help at least once a week with any household jobs like washing up, making beds, ironing, cooking or cleaning?”
• How does Oakley interpret the concept of a symmetrical family based on Y+W's standards?


  She argues that it could include a man who only takes the bins out once a week.
• What percentage of husbands did Oakley find had a high level of participation in housework?


  15%
• What percentage of husbands did Oakley find had high participation in childcare?


  25%
• What did the research by Warde and Hetherington in the 1990s reveal about domestic roles?


  It found that sex-typing of domestic roles still exists.
• According to Warde and Hetherington, which domestic tasks are wives and husbands more likely to perform?


  Wives are more likely to wash clothes, while husbands are more likely to wash the car.
• What are sociologists interested in regarding paid work and domestic tasks?


  Sociologists are interested in whether both partners working leads to an equal division of domestic tasks.
• What does the term "New man" refer to in the context of domestic work?


  The "New man" refers to a man who does his fair share of housework, childcare, and emotional work.
• What did Johnathan Gershuny (1994) find regarding wives who do not work full time?


  He found that wives who do not work full time do less domestic work.
• How does the support from husbands differ between working and non-working wives according to Gershuny?


  Wives who work full time receive much more support from their husbands than those who do not work full time.
• What correlation did Gershuny find regarding couples whose parents had an equal relationship?


  Couples whose parents have an equal relationship are more likely to have an equal relationship too.