ANA1 L8 Head and Face

• What is the superior part of the body called?


  Head
• How is the head attached to the trunk?

  By the neck
• What are the main components of the head?

  Skull, brain, eyes, and ears
• What are the layers that make up the skull bones?

  1. Periosteum
  2. External layer of compact bone
  3. Middle layer of spongy bone (diploe)
  4. Internal layer of compact bone
  5. Endosteum
• What is another name for the cranium?


  Skull
• What are the two parts of the cranium?


  Neurocranium and viscerocranium
• What does the neurocranium cover?


  • Bony covering of the brain and its meninges
  • Proximal parts of cranial nerves
  • Vasculature of the brain
• What does the viscerocranium consist of?


  • Forms the anterior part of the cranium
  • Consists of bones surrounding the mouth, nose, and orbits
• How many bones form the neurocranium?


  8 bones
• How many bones form the viscerocranium?


  14 bones
• What are the cranial bones?


  1. Frontal (1)
  2. Occipital (1)
  3. Sphenoid (1)
  4. Ethmoid (1)
  5. Parietal (2)
  6. Temporal (2)
• What are the facial bones?

  1. Vomer (1)
  2. Mandible (1)
  3. Zygomatic (2)
  4. Maxillae (2)
  5. Nasal (2)
  6. Lacrimal (2)
  7. Palatine (2)
  8. Inferior conchae (2)
• What does the frontal bone form?


  The forehead, roofs of the orbits, and most anterior part of the cranial floor
• What does the parietal bone form?


  The greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
• What does the temporal bone form?


  The inferolateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor
• What does the occipital bone form?


  The posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
• Where is the ethmoid bone located?


  Anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bone
• What is the major supporting structure of the nasal cavity?

  Ethmoid bone
• What does the nasal bone form?


  The bridge of the nose
• What does the zygomatic bone form?


  The prominence of the cheek and part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbital cavity
• What does the mandible form?


  The lower jaw
• What does the vomer do?


  Divides the bony nasal septum
• What do the inferior nasal conchae do?


  Project into the nasal cavity
• What do the maxillae form?


  The upper jaw
• What does the palatine bone form?


  The posterior part of the hard palate
• What are the pneumatised bones of the cranium?


  1. Frontal
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Maxillae
• What are the views of the skull?


  • Anterior view
  • Lateral view
  • Posterior view
  • Superior view
  • External surface of the base
  • Internal surface of the base
• What are the foramina and their contents?


  1. Foramen cecum
  2. Cribriform foramina
  3. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
  4. Optic canal
  5. Superior orbital fissure
  6. Foramen rotundum
  7. Foramen ovale
  8. Foramen spinosum
  9. Foramen lacerum

  10. Groove of greater petrosal nerve

  11. Foramen magnum

  12. Jugular foramen

  13. Hypoglossal canal

  14. Condylar canal

  15. Mastoid foramen
• What does the foramen cecum contain?


  Nasal emissary vein
• What do the cribriform foramina contain?


  Axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium
• What do the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina contain?


  Vessels and nerves with the same names
• What do the optic canals contain?


  Optic nerves (CN 2) and ophthalmic arteries
• What does the superior orbital fissure contain?


  Ophthalmic veins; CN 5 (ophthalmic nerve), CN 3, 4, 6 and sympathetic fibers
• What does the foramen rotundum contain?


  CN 5 (maxillary nerve)
• What does the foramen ovale contain?


  CN 5 (mandibular nerve) and accessory meningeal arteries
• What does the foramen spinosum contain?


  Middle meningeal artery and vein and CN 5 (meningeal branch)
• What does the foramen lacerum contain?


  Deep petrosal nerve, some meningeal arterial branches, and small veins
• What does the groove of greater petrosal nerve contain?


  Greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery
• What does the foramen magnum contain?


  Medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN 11, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
• What does the jugular foramen contain?


  CN 9, 10, 11, superior bulb of internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses, and meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries