Group IA, IB, IIA, IIB

• What are the principal metals in Group IA (Alkali Metals)?

  Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
• Why are alkali metals considered highly reactive?

  They are the most reactive of all metallic elements due to larger atomic sizes and weaker metallic bonds.
• How does reactivity change as you move down Group IA?

  Reactivity increases from Lithium to Francium due to larger atomic sizes.
• What do alkali metals form when they react with water?

  They form alkaline hydroxides and hydrogen gas.
• What happens to the alkalinity of alkali metals as you move down the group?

  Alkalinity increases down the group due to increasing reactivity.
• How does solvation change down the alkali metal group?

  The degree of solvation decreases as the atomic radius increases.
• What is the electropositive character of alkali metals?

  They have a strong electropositive nature due to one valence electron and low ionization potential.
• What oxidation state do alkali metals exhibit?

  They exhibit a +1 oxidation state.
• Why are alkali metals considered good reducing agents?

  They readily donate electrons due to their low ionization potential.
• What do alkali metals form when heated in hydrogen gas?

  They form solid white hydrides.
• How should alkali metals be stored to prevent reactions with air or water?

  They must be stored under kerosene or coated with paraffin.
• What is true about the salts of alkali metals?

  Salts of alkali metals are water soluble.
• Do alkali metals form complexes?

  No, alkali metals do not form complexes.
• How does reactivity change with atomic number in alkali metals?

  Reactivity increases as atomic number increases.
• What influences the size of alkali metal atoms?

  The increasing number of electron shells and electron-electron repulsion influence atomic size.
• How does the atomic radius change in alkali metals?

  The atomic radius increases as more electron layers are added.
• What happens to ionization energy as you move down the alkali metal group?

  Ionization energy decreases due to increased shielding and distance of outer electrons.
• How does electronegativity change in alkali metals?

  Electronegativity decreases as atoms become larger.
• What trend is observed in melting and boiling points of alkali metals?

  Melting and boiling points decrease due to weaker metallic bonds down the group.
• How does density change in alkali metals?

  Density increases down the group, with a slight exception at potassium.
• Which alkali metals are less dense than water?

  Lithium, sodium, and potassium are less dense than water.
• What is the flame test result for Lithium (Li+)?

  Carmine red or crimson red.
• What is the flame test result for Sodium (Na+)?

  Yellow.
• What is the flame test result for Potassium (K+)?

  Violet.
• What happens when Lithium reacts with Na₂HPO₄ and NH₃?


  It produces a white precipitate of Li₃PO₄ soluble in HCl but not reprecipitated by NH₃.
• What is the result of Lithium reacting with H₂SO₄?


  There is no precipitate formed.
• What happens when Sodium reacts with KH₂SbO₄ or K₂H₂Sb₂O₇?

  It produces a white precipitate of NaH₂SbO₄ or Na₂H₂Sb₂O₇.
• What happens when Sodium reacts with Zn(C₂H₂O₃)₂.3UO₂(C₂H₃O₂)₂?


  It produces a pale yellow precipitate of NaC₂H₂O₃.
• What are the principal metals in Group IB (Coinage Metals)?

  Copper, Silver, Gold
• Why are copper, silver, and gold historically known as coinage metals?


  They have been used for ornamental and coinage purposes since early times.
• How do coinage metals differ from alkali metals?

  They resemble alkali metals in having a single valence electron but differ in many chemical and physical properties.
• How do coinage metals occur in nature?

  They occur free in nature and are easily recovered from their compounds by reduction.
• What is the chemical activity of coinage metals?

  They are low in the electromotive series, making them chemically less reactive compared to most other metals.
• How does chemical activity change with atomic weight in coinage metals?

  Chemical activity decreases as atomic weight increases.
• What is true about the oxides and hydroxides of coinage metals?

  They are generally basic, except for silver oxide which is more active as a basic oxide.
• What is the solubility of silver, copper, and gold halides?

  They are nearly insoluble in water.
• What happens to silver halides in water?

  Silver halides are readily hydrolyzed, forming basic salts.
• What valence states do copper, silver, and gold exist in?

  Copper exists in Cu(I) and Cu(II), silver primarily in Ag(I), and gold in Au(I) and Au(III).
• What types of complex ions do coinage metals form?

  They form complex anions and complex cations.
• How does copper oxidize in air?

  Copper is slowly oxidized in air but rapidly oxidized when finely divided and heated in oxygen.