S. 18 and 20

• break in continuity of skin 


  Moriarty v Brookes
• internal rupture ≠ a wound 


  JCC v Eisenhower
• GBH- really serious harm 


  DPP v Smith
• can take vulnerability into account 


  R v Bollom
• Serious harm is objective 


  R v Brown and Stratton
• includes psychiatric injury 


  R v Burstow
• knowingly transmitting a disease= gbh


  R v Dica (HIV)
• combined injuries = gbh


  R v Brown and Stratton
• direct/indirect application of force 


  R v Wilson
• inflict means cause 


  R v Burstow
• maliciously 


  R v Cunningham- doesn't require any Ill will towards the person
• s 18

  requires intent on any person
• s20


  intent not required on another person
• s18 intent 


  direct or indirect (woolin- virtually certain)