Carbohydrates

• What elements do carbohydrates contain?


  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?

  Monosaccharide
• How do disaccharides form?


  By the combination of two monosaccharides
• What do many monosaccharides combine to form?


  Polysaccharides
• How are the names of monosaccharides determined?


  By the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
• What is a triose sugar?


  A sugar with three carbon atoms
• What is a pentose sugar?


  A sugar with five carbon atoms
• What is a hexose sugar?


  A sugar with six carbon atoms
• How do hexose sugars differ from each other?


  In their molecular structure
• What happens to the carbon atoms of monosaccharides when dissolved in water?


  They form a ring structure
• What are the two isomers of glucose?


  α-glucose and β-glucose
• What biological differences arise from the isomers of glucose?


  They affect the formation of polymers like starch and cellulose
• What are polysaccharides and their functions?


  • Made of many monosaccharides
  • Store energy
  • Examples include starch and cellulose
• What is the main energy storage polysaccharide in plants?


  Starch
• How is starch broken down for energy?


  It is easily broken down into glucose
• What type of monomers make up starch?


  α-glucose monomers
• What are the components of starch?

  • Mixture of amylose (unbranched chain)
  • Mixture of amylopectin (branched chain)
• How can you test for the presence of starch in food?


  By adding iodine solution, which turns blue-black if starch is present
• What does a color change from blue-black to colorless indicate in a starch test?


  Starch has been broken down into glucose
• What are lipids?


  A diverse collection of organic compounds that are generally nonpolar and insoluble in water
• What are the essential functions of lipids?


  They are components of cell membranes and serve as energy storage molecules
• What are the types of lipids?


  • Fats
  • Oils
  • Waxes
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
• What is the most common type of lipid?


  Triglycerides
• How are triglycerides formed?


  By the esterification of glycerol with three fatty acids
• What are fatty acids?


  Long-chain carboxylic acids that may be saturated or unsaturated
• How do saturated and unsaturated triglycerides differ?


  Saturated triglycerides are solids at room temperature, while unsaturated are liquids
• What is the process of forming a triglyceride called?

  Esterification
• What happens during the process of esterification?


  Three water molecules are removed
• What is hydrolysis in relation to triglycerides?


  The process of breaking down triglycerides using water
• What two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide maltose
• What two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide sucrose
• What two monosaccharides make up the disaccharide lactose