L1 Philo

• Who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy?

  Socrates
• What is the Socratic Method?


  A method of inquiry that tests ideas by asking a series of questions
• What is the purpose of the Socratic Method?


  To determine underlying beliefs and guide toward better understanding
• What does Socrates assert about the soul?


  The soul is immortal
• What is the task of philosophy according to Socrates?


  The care of the soul
• What does Socrates believe is necessary to obtain happiness?


  Virtue
• What is a famous quote attributed to Socrates?


  “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
• Why is self-knowledge important according to Socrates?


  It allows one to improve their life
• What are the two kinds of existence according to Socrates?


  • Visible: Changes; the body
  • Invisible: Remains constant; understood by the mind (soul)
• What does Socrates say about the relationship between the body and soul?


  The body is a slave to the soul, which is the ruler
• What is the goal of life according to Socrates?


  To be happy
• What is virtue according to Socrates?


  Moral excellence
• Who was Plato in relation to Socrates?


  Plato was a student of Socrates
• What is Plato's philosophical method called?


  Collection and Division
• What does Plato's "Theory of Forms" assert?


  The physical world is not the ultimate reality
• What are the three parts of the soul according to Plato?


  Appetitive, Rational, Spirited
• What aspect of the human being does Plato consider the most divine?


  The soul
• Who was St. Augustine?


  One of the Latin Fathers of the Church
• How was St. Augustine influenced by Plato?


  He adopted Plato's concept of self as an immaterial soul
• What did St. Augustine assert about "forms"?


  They exist within the perfect and eternal God
• What does St. Augustine say about the self?


  It is an inner, immaterial "I" with self-knowledge
• What are the three aspects of the self/soul according to St. Augustine?


  Able to be aware of itself, recognizes itself as a whole, aware of its unity
• What does St. Augustine say about the physical world?


  It belongs to the physical body and is not the essence of self
• How does St. Augustine compare man to God?


  Man is similar to God regarding his mind and its ability
• Who is Rene Descartes?


  Considered the father of modern Western philosophy
• What is Descartes' philosophical method?


  Hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt or methodological skepticism
• What is the principal tool of inquiry for Descartes?


  Doubt
• What does "Cogito ergo sum" mean?


  I think, therefore I am
• What does Descartes say about the senses?


  They can be fooled and cannot be used as proof of existence
• What is the nature of the self according to Descartes?


  It is constant and not affected by time
• What is Cartesian Dualism?


  The immaterial soul possesses a body and is distinct from it
• What are the distinctions between the soul and body according to Descartes?


  • The soul: Conscious thinking substance, unaffected by time, known only to itself, not made up of parts
  • The body: Material substance, changes through time, can be doubted, made up of physical, quantifiable parts
• Who is John Locke?


  A philosopher and physician regarded as an influential Enlightenment thinker
• How did Locke expand Descartes' definition of the self?


  By including memories of the thinking thing
• What does Locke say about a person's memories?


  They provide continuity of experience for self-identification
• What is the defense of accountability according to Locke?


  The self remains the same over time, thus accountable for past behaviors
• Who is David Hume?


  A philosopher known for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism
• What is Hume's view on knowledge?


  Reason is not the foundation of all knowledge; experience is
• What is Hume's Bundle Theory?


  The self is a collection of different perceptions in constant flux
• What are the two divisions of mind's perceptions according to Hume?


  Impressions and Ideas