L2 Socio

• What was the primary focus of pre-modern society?


  Survival and adherence to social rules and traditions
• How did the family and environment influence behavior in pre-modern society?


  They provided supervision and guidance
• What limitations did individuals face in choosing their life paths in pre-modern society?

  Choices regarding residence, occupation, and marriage were very limited
• What is a key characteristic of the modern period?

  Dominance of individualism
• What is central to a person's identity in the modern period?


  Development of one's self-identity
• What freedoms do individuals have in the modern period?


  They can choose where to live, what to do, and whom to be with
• How does modernization affect individual self-identity?


  It influences how individuals build and develop their self-identity
• What are some improvements brought by modernization?


  Improved living conditions
• What is a negative effect of modernization on traditions?

  It decreased stability in tradition and traditional support systems
• What are the key characteristics of modernity?


  • Industrialism: A system built on manufacturing industries
  • Capitalism: Trade and industry controlled by private owners for profit
  • Institutions of surveillance: Collection and analysis of information on individuals
  • Dynamism: Characterized by vigorous activity and progress
• Who is Georg Simmel?


  A sociologist, philosopher, and critic
• What do social networks consist of according to Georg Simmel?


  Ties or connections that link individuals to their social groups
• How does Simmel define a social group?


  As having 2 or more people interacting and sharing similar characteristics
• What is an organic social group?


  A naturally occurring group influenced by family
• What motivates individuals to join organic social groups?


  Organic motivation, influenced by family membership
• What is the positive effect of organic groups called?


  Rootedness
• What characterizes a rational social group?


  It is formed based on shared interests in modern societies
• What motivates individuals to join rational social groups?


  Rational motivation, based on free will
• Who is George Herbert Mead?


  A philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist
• What is Mead's "Theory of Social Self" about?


  Self is a product of social interactions and internalized views
• How is the self developed according to Mead?


  It develops over time through social experiences and activities
• What are the three stages in self-development according to Mead?


  1. Language: Capacity to express oneself
  2. Play: Internalizing others' perspectives
  3. Game: Considering societal rules and adhering to them
• What are the two sides of the self according to Mead?


  The "Me" and the "I"
• What does the "Me" represent in Mead's theory?


  It is the product of learned interactions and environment
• What does the "I" represent in Mead's theory?


  It is the unsocialized and spontaneous part of the self
• How does the "I" respond to the community's attitude?


  It constructs a response based on what has been learned by the "Me"
• Who is Charles Horton Cooley?


  A sociologist best known for the concept of the looking-glass self
• What is the looking-glass self concept by Cooley about?


  Self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and perceptions of others