L4 Psycho

• Who is Jean Piaget?


  Swiss Clinical Psychologist who pioneered the theory of Cognitive Development
• What does Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development involve?


  A progressive re-organization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience
• What are the 3 basic components of Piaget's Cognitive Theory?


  • Schemas/schemes
  • Adaptation
  • Stages of Cognitive Development
• What are schemas in Piaget's theory?


  Building blocks of knowledge
• What does adaptation involve in Piaget's theory?


  Child's learning processes to meet situational demands
• What are the two processes used by individuals to adapt according to Piaget?


  • Assimilation: applying previous concepts to new concepts
  • Accommodation: adjusting to new information
• What is assimilation in Piaget's theory?


  The application of previous concepts to new concepts
• What is accommodation in Piaget's theory?


  Adjusting one's understanding when encountering new information
• What are the four stages of Cognitive Development according to Piaget?


  1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
  2. Preoperational (2-7 years)
  3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
  4. Formal Operational (12 years and above)
• What is the age range for the Sensorimotor stage?


  0-2 years
• What is a characteristic of the Sensorimotor stage?


  Primitive understanding of cause and effect relationships
• What is object permanence and when is it mastered?


  Mastery of object permanence occurs around 9 months
• What is the age range for the Preoperational stage?


  1. 7 years
• What is a characteristic of the Preoperational stage?


  Child uses language and symbols
• What is egocentrism in the context of the Preoperational stage?


  Egocentrism is evident, meaning the child cannot see things from others' perspectives
• What does the child not master during the Preoperational stage?


  Principle of Conservation
• What is the age range for the Concrete Operational stage?


  1. 11 years
• What is a characteristic of the Concrete Operational stage?


  Engagement in logical thinking and reasoning
• What principles do children master during the Concrete Operational stage?


  Principle of Conservation and Principle of Classification
• What is a characteristic of the Formal Operational stage?


  Ability to think about and solve abstract problems logically
• What is the age range for the Formal Operational stage?


  12 years and above
• What are the stages of self-concept development proposed by Susan Harter?


  1. Early Childhood: described in terms of physical attributes, material possessions, behaviors, preferences
  2. Middle to later Childhood: described in terms of trait-like constructs
  3. Adolescence: emergence of abstract self-definition
  4. Emerging Adults: vision of a "Positive Self"
• Who is William James?


  Known as the father of American Psychology
• What are the two elements of Self proposed by William James?


  I self and Me self
• What is the I-Self according to William James?


  The pure ego; subjective self that is aware of its own actions
• What are the four features of the I-Self?


  A sense of being the agent, unique, continuous, and aware of being aware
• What is the Me-Self according to William James?


  The self that is an object described in terms of physical features, social role, thoughts, and emotions
• What are the dimensions of the Me-Self?


  • Material: physical appearance
  • Social: social and interpersonal skills
  • Spiritual: personality, character, and values
• What did Carl Rogers propose about personality development?


  All behavior is motivated by self-actualizing tendencies to reach full potential
• What is the Ideal Self according to Carl Rogers?


  The person you would like yourself to be
• What is the Real Self according to Carl Rogers?


  The person you actually are in reality
• What is the importance of alignment between the Ideal and Real Self according to Carl Rogers?


  Consistency between the ideal and real selves is necessary for psychological well-being
• What is congruence in Rogers' theory?


  An experience when the ideal and real selves are very similar
• What is incongruence in Rogers' theory?


  An experience when there is a great inconsistency between ideal and real selves
• What is Roy Baumeister's perspective on the self?


  Man has many social selves, and if there are multiple selves, the concept of self loses its meaning
• What is Gordon Allport's Personality Trait Theory?


  Every person possesses traits that are essential characteristics that never change
• Who is Eric Berne?


  Psychiatrist who developed Transactional Analysis
• What is Transactional Analysis?


  A technique to help people understand their own and others' behavior, especially in relationships
• What are the three parts of personality in Transactional Analysis?


  • Parent: voice of authority
  • Adult: rational person
  • Child: Natural Child, Little Professor, Adaptive Child
• What are the three ego states of the Child in Transactional Analysis?


  Natural Child, Little Professor, Adaptive Child