L4.5.1: Types, Treatment, Repairment

• TYPES OF BONE FRACTURES

  CLOSED (SIMPLE)

  ● Is a break that does not penetrate the skin

  OPEN (COMPOUND)

  ● Is a broken bone that penetrates through the skin
• Types of Bone Fractures

  ● Closed or Simple Fracture

  ○ A break that does not penetrate the skin.

  ○ No evidence that a person has a fracture.

  ○ Symptoms: Pain and Inability to move

  ● Open or Compound Fracture

  ○ A broken bone that penetrates through the skin.

  ○ Bone is evident from the outside.
• TREATMENT OF BONE FRACTURE (REDUCTION & IMMOBILIZATION)

  ● Healing time is 6-8 weeks
• TREATMENT OF BONE FRACTURE (REDUCTION & IMMOBILIZATION)

  CLOSED REDUCTION

  ● Bones are manually coaxed into position by physician’s hands

  OPEN REDUCTION

  ● Bones are secured with pins or wires during surgery
• REPAIRMENT OF BONE FRACTURE [4 major events]

  • Hematoma Forms
  • Fibrocartilage Callus Forms
  • Bony Callus Forms
  • Bone Remodeling Occurs
• Hematoma Formation

  ○ Blood-filled swelling or bruising.

  ○ Blood is released from a broken blood vessel which forms clots known as fracture hematoma.

  ○ Disruption of blood flow will lead to death of bone cells around the damaged structure.
• Fibrocartilage Callus Formation

  ○ 48 hours after the fracture, stem cells on the endosteum of the bone will undergo differentiation to be chondrocytes.

  ○ These cartilage cells will secrete a fibrocartilaginous matrix between the two ends of the broken bone.

  ○ Gradually, this newly-forming matrix reunites the ends of the broken bone into an internal callus.

  ○ Periosteal chondrocytes work together with osteoblasts to create an external callus.

  ○ Both external and internal calluses stabilize the fracture.
• Bony Callus Formation

  ○ Osteoclast resorbs the bone by taking care of the dead bone cells around the injury.

  ○ Osteogenic cells give rise to osteoblasts.

  ○ Osteoblasts produce the bony matrix that replaces the fibrocartilage callus.

  ○ This is an Endochondral Ossification.
• Bone Remodeling

  ○ Occurs in response to mechanical stresses.