AO3 - Evaluation

• How did Rogers' work impact psychotherapy?


  Rogers' work transformed psychotherapy and introduced various counseling techniques.
• In what fields are Rogers' counseling techniques used?


  Rogers' techniques are used in clinical settings, education, health and social work, and industry.
• What is a limitation of client-centered therapy?


  Client-centered therapy is limited in terms of the conditions it can treat.
• What did Hagerty find regarding economic development and needs?


  Hagerty found that in early stages of economic development, priority is on physiological and safety needs.
• What happens after basic needs are met in economic development according to Hagerty?


  After basic needs are met, countries focus on esteem needs and self-actualization.
• What evidence supports Rogers' view on conditional positive regard?


  Research shows that people with conditional positive regard display more 'false self' behavior.
• What did Harter find regarding teenagers and parental approval?


  Harter found that teenagers who feel they must fulfill conditions for parental approval frequently dislike themselves.
• What is the relationship between 'false self' behavior and depression according to Harter?


  Adolescents who create a 'false self' are more likely to develop depression.
• What concept does Harter's findings support regarding parental love?


  Harter's findings support the concept that unconditional positive regard from parents is essential for developing self-worth.
• What is a strength of the humanistic approach?


  It is a free will approach.
• What does the free will approach in the humanistic perspective imply about human behavior?


  It implies that individuals can choose how they act and behave.
• Why is free will considered a strength of the humanistic approach compared to determinism?

  Because determinism removes freedom and dignity, devaluing human behavior.
• How does the humanistic approach acknowledge the uniqueness of individuals?


  By recognizing their freedom to choose their own destiny.
• What does the behavioral approach suggest about human behavior?


  It suggests we are merely a product of reinforcers and punishments.
• What is a limitation of the humanistic approach regarding counseling?

  Counseling cannot be tested experimentally due to the requirements of the experimental method.
• Who was an advocate of non-experimental research methods in the humanistic approach?

  Rogers.
• Why did Rogers advocate for non-experimental research methods?


  He believed human behavior extended beyond the principles of science due to free will.
• What do studies show about personal growth in relation to humanistic counseling?


  They show personal growth but do not prove that the therapy caused the changes.
• What is a criticism of the humanistic approach regarding its view of human nature?


  It has an idealized view and assumes people are inherently growth-oriented.
• What does the humanistic assumption about problems arising from blocked self-actualization ignore?


  It ignores situational forces in society, such as prejudice and inequality of opportunity.
• How does the humanistic approach fail to describe human behavior and development fully?

  By not considering the impact of societal factors and self-destructive behavior.
• What did Nevis find in his cross-cultural studies regarding belonging and psychological needs in China?


  Belonging took priority over psychological needs.
• How does self-actualization differ in Chinese culture compared to Western cultures according to Nevis's findings?


  In China, it relates to contribution to the community rather than individual development.
• What did many studies confirm about self-concept definitions in different cultures?


  People in Western cultures focus more on personal identity, while others define self-concepts in terms of social relationships.
• What did Maslow acknowledge about the hierarchy of needs in different cultures?


  Needs may appear in a different order or may be absent altogether.
• What are the limitations of the humanistic approach?


  • Counseling cannot be tested experimentally.
  • Idealized view of human nature.
  • Ignores situational forces like prejudice and inequality.
  • Difficult to evaluate therapies scientifically.
• How do cultural differences impact the humanistic approach?


  • Different priorities in needs (e.g., belonging vs. psychological needs).
  • Variations in self-actualization definitions across cultures.
  • Maslow's flexible hierarchy of needs fits evidence better.
• How is research support a strength of the humanistic approach?


  there is research evidence to support rogers view that people who experienece conditional positive regard display more 'false self' behaviour. Harter found that teenagers who feel they must fulfill conditions for parental approval dislike themselves. they found that teens who create a 'false self' pretending to be the sort of person their parents would love, are more likely to develop depression. this supports 'conditions of worth' the idea that unconditional positive regard from parents is essential for developing self worth
• Why is free will a strength of the humanistic approach?


  free will means we are able to choose how we act and have a choice in how we behave, rather than our behaviour being determined by other factors e.g environment and therefore being predictable. this is a strength because determinism removes freedom and dignity and devalues human behaviour. free will acknowledges the uniqueness of human beings and their freedom to choose their own destiny. it is a preferable explanation of human behaviour
• Why is an unrealistic view a weakness of the humanistic approach?


  it gives an idealised view of human nature. it assumes that people are inherently growth-oriented, not recognising some people's capacity for self destructive behaviour. the humanistic approach assumes that all problems arise from blocked self actualisation and ignores situational forces such as inequality. this means that the humanistic approach does not give a full description of human behaviour and development
• why is the unscienific method a weakness in the humanistic approach?


  the counselling cannot be tested experimentally due to the rigorous requirements of the experimental method. rogers was an advocate of non-experimental research methods because he though that human behaviour extended beyond the principles of science because we have free will. studies have shown personal growth as a result of humanistic counselling but these do don't show that the therapy has caused the changes. therefore it is difficult to evaluate the therapies or theories scientifically