AO1

• Behaviorism


  A school of thought in psychology that emerged in the 1920s, led by BF Skinner, and focuses on observable behaviors, rejecting the role of the unconscious mind.
• What does the behaviourist approach believe about behaviour?

  All behaviour is learnt; nothing is innate.
• What does the behaviourist approach suggest about maladaptive behaviours?

  They can be unlearnt using the same processes that led to their learning.
• How does the behaviourist approach view the mind in the learning process?

  The mind is viewed as a black box, where thoughts are not important in learning.
• What are the two types of punishment in behaviorism?

  Positive punishment and negative punishment
• What does behaviorism argue about human behavior?

  Humans are born as a 'blank slate' and all behavior is acquired via learning
• What is the process of learning in classical conditioning?


  Learning via association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
• Who conducted the classical conditioning experiments with dogs?

  Pavlov
• What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?


  Food
• What was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?


  The tuning fork
• What was the unconditioned response observed in Pavlov's dogs?


  Salivation
• What happens when the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus multiple times?


  The neutral stimulus becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus
• What does the tuning fork become after conditioning?


  A conditioned stimulus
• What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?


  Salivation in response to the tuning fork
• What was the key study for classical conditioning conducted by John Watson?


  • Used classical conditioning to teach fear
  • Subject: 18-month-old boy named Albert
  • Conditioned to fear white rats
• What was the unconditioned stimulus in the Little Albert experiment?


  The loud noise
• What was the unconditioned response in the Little Albert experiment?


  Fear from the loud noise
• What was the neutral stimulus before conditioning in the Little Albert experiment?


  The white rat
• What happened after repeated pairings of the loud noise and the white rat?


  Albert showed fear of the rat without the noise
• What did the white rat become after conditioning in the Little Albert experiment?


  A conditioned stimulus
• What was the conditioned response in the Little Albert experiment?


  Fear and crying in response to the rat
• Who first investigated operant conditioning?


  1. F. Skinner
• What is the main principle of operant conditioning?


  Learning via reinforcement
• How can behavior be influenced according to operant conditioning?


  Through rewards and punishments
• What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?


  It always increases behavior
• What is positive reinforcement?


  When a behavior results in a pleasant consequence
• What is negative reinforcement?


  When a behavior allows you to avoid a negative consequence
• What is punishment in operant conditioning?


  A behavior results in an unpleasant consequence
• What is positive punishment?


  The addition of a negative stimulus
• What is negative punishment?


  The removal of something positive
• What does Watson's behavioral manifesto state about behavior?


  Behavior is a response to an environmental stimulus
• What is the primary focus of behaviorism?


  Behaviorism is only concerned with observable stimulus-reinforcement behavior
• How can behaviorism be studied according to Watson's manifesto?


  It can be studied in a systematic, objective way
• What are the principles of classical conditioning?


  1. Generalisation
  2. Discrimination
  3. Extinction
  4. Spontaneous recovery
  5. Higher order conditioning
• What is generalisation in classical conditioning?


  Generalisation occurs when the conditioned response is elicited by a similar conditioned stimulus
• What is discrimination in classical conditioning?


  Discrimination occurs when an animal learns to differentiate between similar conditioned stimuli
• What is extinction in classical conditioning?


  Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?


  Spontaneous recovery is when the conditioned response reappears after extinction with few pairings of the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus
• What is higher order conditioning?


  Higher order conditioning is when a previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response
• How does higher order conditioning differ from classical conditioning?


  Higher order conditioning involves a previously neutral stimulus eliciting a conditioned response, unlike classical conditioning