Working memory model

• Who criticized the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?


  Baddeley and Hitch
• What do Baddeley and Hitch argue about the Short-Term Memory (STM) store?


  They argue that STM is not a single store but has different components.
• How do Baddeley and Hitch view STM in their Working Memory Model (WMM)?


  They see it as an active store that holds information being worked on.
• What is the main focus of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?


  The WMM is only concerned with Short-Term Memory (STM).
• What happens during dual performance tasks involving the same type of information according to the WMM?


  Tasks involving dual performance in one area are done ineffectively.
• How can dual performance tasks using different stores be performed according to the WMM?


  They can be done together effectively as they use separate stores.
• What are the components of the Working Memory Model (WMM)?


  • Central Executive
  • Phonological Loop
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad
  • Episodic Buffer
• What is the function of the Central Executive (CE) in the WMM?


  The CE acts as a filter for attention and coordinates other components.
• What is the limited attention capacity of the Central Executive?


  It has a limited attention capacity of ≤ 4.
• How is information coded in the Central Executive?


  Information is coded differently for each sense.
• What did D'Esposito (1995) find regarding the Central Executive?


  He found that the prefrontal cortex was activated during dual tasks.
• What does the Phonological Loop deal with?


  It deals with auditory information in speech form.
• What is the capacity of the Phonological Loop?


  The capacity is about 2 seconds.
• What are the two components of the Phonological Loop?


  Phonological store and articulatory process.
• What does the phonological store do?


  It stores the words you hear.
• What is the role of the articulatory process in the Phonological Loop?


  It rehearses information by repeating it in a loop.
• What is the word length effect in relation to the Phonological Loop?


  It suggests that the capacity is determined by how long it takes to say words.
• What is articulatory suppression in the context of the Phonological Loop?


  It limits capacity as rehearsal is prevented by irrelevant sound.
• What does the Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSS) store?


  It stores visual and spatial information.
• How is information coded in the Visuospatial Sketchpad?


  Information is coded visually.
• What is the capacity of the Visuospatial Sketchpad?


  The capacity is 4 objects.
• What did Vogel (2001) find regarding the Visuospatial Sketchpad?


  Performance declined for more than 4 objects in a visual display.
• Why was the Episodic Buffer added to the WMM?


  It was added because the CE has no storage and integrates verbal and visual information.
• What is the capacity of the Episodic Buffer?


  The capacity is around 4.
• What are the key features of the Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer?


  • Central Executive:
  • Filter for attention
  • Coordinates other components
  • Capacity ≤ 4
  • Phonological Loop:
  • Deals with auditory info
  • Capacity ~ 2 seconds
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad:
  • Stores visual/spatial info
  • Capacity 4 objects
  • Episodic Buffer:
  • Integrates verbal and visual info
  • Capacity ~ 4
• What evidence supports the existence of separate visual and verbal stores in STM?


  KF's case study showed he could process visual but struggled with verbal information.
• What is a limitation of using case studies as evidence for the WMM?


  Case studies cannot be generalized to the wider population.
• What did Smith (1995) find in his brain scanning studies related to the WMM?


  Different brain areas are active during visual and verbal tasks.
• How can the WMM be applied practically?


  It can help children with ADHD by breaking down instructions into manageable chunks.
• What did Baddeley (1993) find regarding tracking a moving light and describing angles?


  Participants had difficulty when doing two visual tasks simultaneously.
• What is a criticism of the lab experiments supporting the WMM?


  They lack ecological validity and may not reflect real-life memory use.
• What did Baddeley say about the Central Executive?


  He stated it is the most important and least understood component of the WMM.
• What is a weakness of the Central Executive according to Baddeley?


  Its limited capacity has not been researched with precision.