Uneven Development

Created by

River

Cards (41)

How does a country being landlocked affect development?
Physical factor
Makes trade with other countries far more expensive and challenging.
How does a country having poor climate affect development?
Physical factor
Conditions make developing more difficult e.g. extreme heat makes agriculture and primary sector work hard.
How does a country having infertile soil affect development?
Physical Factor
A lack of nutrients mean crop production is less reliable.
How does a country having a lack of clean water affect development?
Physical Factor
If water is not readily available, productivity is lost as time is spent finding it or at home sick due to diseases spread in the water e.g. cholera.
How does a country having natural hazards affect development?
Physical Factor
Expensive repairs after a hazard mean many LICs have less to spend on development.
How does a country being in debt affect development?
Economic Factor
Less money to invest in improving levels of development in the country as money is needed to pay off the debt.
How does a country relying on primary sector employment and trade affect development?
Economic Factor
Less money to invest as primary products are often low value and fluctuate in price.
Furthermore, if a natural hazard or extreme climate occurs they lose a main source of income for the country.
How does a country being corrupt affect development?
Economic Factor
Government money is stolen or wasted by individuals rather than spent improving levels of development in a country.
How does a country being through colonialism affect development?
Historic Factor
Caused exploitative trade in raw materials which continues to exist for many former colonies still receiving a low value for their products, meaning they have less money to invest in improving their level of development.
How does a country having been through conflict affect development?
Historic Factor
Money is spent on weapons, limiting manufacturing and economic activity that would otherwise help to develop the nation.
What is the development gap?
The widening difference between the richest and poorest countries of the world.
Where are low income countries located?
LICs (< $ 1045) are mostly concentrated in Central and Sub-Saharran Africa
Where are high income, non oil exporting countries located?
HICs that do not export oil ( > $ 12736) are mostly concentrated in North Asia and South America
Where are high income, oil exporting countries located?
HICs that do export oil ( > $ 12736) are mostly located in Coastal areas e.g. North America, Europe, and Australia
Explain the link between trade and the development gap (6 marks) 
Trade of LICs is often dominated by primary exported e.g. agriculture which are subject to price fluctuations so LICs can't guarantee income from these products
Weather hazards and climate change can affect yield
LICs have competition as HICs buy for the lowest possible price
LICs have less profit to spend on development -> Less developed industrial sectors -> Have to buy manufactured goods from HICs
Manufacture adds value to raw products, so LICs pay more for imports than they earn for exports
Negative links between uneven development and wealth disparities
Some LICs have become dependent on HICs and NEEs for aid, borrowing from the world bank, leaving them heavily in debt
Africa's share of global wealth is about 1 %
For some people in LICs and NEEs quality of life is declining
The most developed countries enjoy the greatest wealth
Personal wealth in India and China has quadrupled since 2000, yet its global share of wealth is still well below that of its population
Positive links between uneven development and wealth disparities
Clear link between development and wealth of population within countries
In 2014, the fastest growth in wealth was in North America, which now holds 35 % of total global wealth, by just over 5 % of the world's adult population.
The USA is not the wealthiest country but it is the most important 'economic engine of growth'
China has recorded the greatest growth since 2000
Disparities in health
Countries with the highest death rates are found within Central and Sub Saharan Africa and North Asia due to having large families as kids are an economic neccesity and cultural norms. However, there is a high Infant Mortality Rate.
Countries with the lowest death rate are found in North Africa, the Middle East, and Central America due to high levels of development.
LICs and health
Complications of child birth is the main cause of death in children under 5
Infectious diseases such as Malaria are a third of deaths
40 % of deaths are in children under 15
Only 20 % of deaths are people over 70
HICs and health
Main cause of death is chronic, non - communicable diseases e.g. cancer
Lung infections are the only main infectious cause of death e.g. pneumonia in the elderly
Only 1 % of deaths are in children under 15
70 % of deaths are people over 70
Malaria
Define: A life - threatening disease caused by parasites transmitted to people by a vector of an infected, female mosquito
They are attracted to warm and wet environments with stagnant water e.g. swamps
HICs prevent this by fumigation, draining wetlands, vaccinations, medications, sanitation, efficient waste disposal etc.
Malaria is a disease of poverty (6 marks) 
Some may disagree as mosquitos can live anywhere around the world, not just exclusively in LICs.
However, I agree as whilst mosquitos do live in HICs, HICs have surplus money to afford preventative treatments to stop and cure the disease, e.g. vaccinations.
HICs can afford to drain breeding grounds like marshes and research the disease, stopping mosquitos - the vector of the disease - from even being reproduced.
Evidence: malaria is mostly concentrated in central Africa, as African children account for 80 % of malaria deaths globally.
What is an immigrant? 
A person who moves into a country
What is an emmigrant? 
A person who moves out of a country
What is an economic migrant? 
A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life, such as a better paid job of benefits like education and health care
What is a refugee? 
A person forced to move from their country of origin often as a result of a civil war or natural disaster e.g. an earthquake
What is a displaced person? 
A person forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin.
What is bottom up development? 
Approach to development that starts at the local level and involves the participation of communities and individuals. Small scale, benefitting growth from the bottom of society.
What is top down development? 
Approach to software development where the system is designed and implemented from a high-level perspective before moving to lower-level details.
Aid
Description: Given by one country to another as money or resources. Types include short term, long term, bilateral, tied, voluntary, and multilateral
Example: One laptop per child, funded by google, distributing laptops to 100,000s of children and teachers in South America and Africa to help them access education.
Positives: Relatively quick, helps rebuild lives after natural disasters
Negatives: Can be wasted by corrupt governments, countries can become dependent on aid
How does it reduce the development gap: Reduces health and education inequalities, gives better quality of life
What is short term aid?
Immediate assistance.
What is bilateral aid?
Foreign aid given directly from one country to another.
What is tied aid?
Foreign aid that is given with conditions or requirements attached.
What is voluntary aid?
Assistance provided willingly without expectation of payment.
What is multilateral aid?
Foreign aid provided by multiple countries or international organizations to support development projects or address global challenges.
Economic Investment
Description: Investments by countries and TNCs in LICs to increase profits in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Example: China investing in Africa, leading to new roads, power plants, bridges and stadiums
Positives: Building factories employs local people in formal jobs - positive multiplier effect
Negatives: Long hours, labour, exploitation
How does it reduce the development gap: Multiplier effect - More money for infrastructure and increased connectivity
Industrial Development
Description: Developing countries can earn more through manufacturing (secondary) then primary product trading
Example: Rana Plaza Factory Collapse, Bangladesh
Positives: Multiplier effect, higher price products - more profit
Negatives: Vulnerable
How does it reduce the development gap: More jobs, more money to spend, boosted economy, multiplier effect
Loans and debt relief
Description: In 2005, the world's richest countries, agreed to cancel the debt of many Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs)
Example: 6th January 2006, the International Monetary Fund cancelled the debts owed to it by 19 of the world's poorest countries.
Positives: More money to invest in industry, resources, and infrastructure
Negatives: Tied and complex conditions, may fall further into debt, corrupt governments may not pass on money to those who need it
How does it reduce the development gap: Improved healthcare, more money to spend on development
Fair trade
Description: Farmers getting a fair price for the goods produced in LIC, gives farmers a price guarantee and a social premium to aid development
Example: Tony's Chocolate, Divine Chocolate - 44% owned by cocoa farmers
Positives: Social premium invested in development projects, developing farming communities and skills
Negatives: Only a tiny % of money goes to the original producers, higher cost to consumers (cost of living crisis)
How does it reduce the development gap: Fair pay, social premium, formal economy (multiplier effect), more schools, less kids needed on farm
Intermediate technologies
Description: Tools, machines, and systems that improve quality of life but are suitable for the poorest areas in LICs and NEEs as they are affordable, simple to use, and easy to maintain.
Example: Water aid provision of the Afridev hand pump
Positives: Easy to fix, helps to build resilience of a community, proactive, develops economy
Negatives: Limited in their degree of success, basic, more advanced tech would be more successful
How does it reduce the development gap: Life expectancy increased, education improved, skills increased