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What are the challenges faced by the
immune system
due to microbes?
Microbes are
ubiquitous
, diverse, rapidly evolving, and can
hijack
cellular machinery.
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What types of
intracellular
pathogens are mentioned in the study material?
Viruses
,
intracellular bacteria
, and
intracellular parasites
.
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What are the physical and chemical defenses of the
immune system
?
Skin barrier function
β-defensins
and cathelicidins produced by keratinocytes
Chemical substances like
lysozyme
and
stomach acid
Antimicrobial peptides secreted by
epithelial cells
and
phagocytes
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What is the role of
β-defensins
and
cathelicidins
in the immune system?
They are antimicrobial agents produced by
keratinocytes
.
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How do
antimicrobial peptides
function in the immune response?
They disrupt the
cell membranes
of
bacteria
,
fungi
, and some
viral envelopes
.
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What are the two main types of immune responses?
Innate immune response
Immediate response
Recognizes common pathogen structures
Adaptive immune response
Stimulated by specific
pathogens
Reacts to a wide variety of
antigens
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What is the definition of innate immunity?
Innate immunity
is the immediate response from mechanisms in place before an
infection
occurs.
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What is the role of
macrophages
in the immune system?
Macrophages patrol tissues and are involved in
phagocytosis
.
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What is
phagocytosis
?
Phagocytosis is the internalization of
particulate
matter by engulfment.
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What is
opsonization
?
Opsonization is the coating of microbes with proteins to facilitate
phagocytosis
.
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What are the types of
phagocytes
mentioned in the study material?
Macrophages
Granulocytes
(
neutrophils
,
eosinophils
,
basophils
)
Immature dendritic cells
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What is the primary function of
neutrophils
?
To engulf and destroy
pathogens
.
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What is the role of
eosinophils
in the immune system?
Eosinophils attack the cell walls of
parasites
and can damage host tissue.
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What do
basophils
contain that aids in defense against
parasites
?
Potent inflammatory mediators
.
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Where are mast cells found and what is their function?
Mast cells
are found in tissues and aid in defense against
parasites
and allergic responses.
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What is the role of
natural killer
(NK) cells in the immune system?
NK cells
can kill
virally
infected or malignant host cells and produce cytokines.
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How can
NK cells
be activated?
By engaging activating receptors or by the loss of
MHC class I
molecules from unhealthy cells.
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What is the process called when
NK cells
kill antibody-coated cells?
Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
(ADCC).
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What happens to
MHC class I
molecules during viral infection and cancer?
MHC class I can be downregulated, leading to
NK cell
activation.
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What are the key components of the
immune system
?
Tissues
Organs
Cells
Molecules
Genes
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What are the steps involved in
phagocytosis
?
Recognition of the
pathogen
Engulfment of the pathogen
Formation of a
phagosome
Destruction of the pathogen
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What are the two types of immune systems mentioned in the study material?
Innate
and
adaptive
immune systems
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What are the key differences between innate and adaptive receptors?
Innate
receptors: Limited number encoded in
genome
,
clonally
distributed, recognizes broad groups of
pathogens
, triggers immediate response.
Adaptive
receptors: Huge number generated by gene
rearrangement
, recognizes very
specific
pathogens, triggers slower response (
days
to
weeks
).
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What do
Pattern Recognition Receptors
(PRRs) recognize?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (
PAMPs
)
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Where can
PRRs
be located?
On cell surface, endosomal membranes, and in the
cytosol
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What are
Toll-Like Receptors
(
TLRs
)?
They are a type of
PRR
that recognizes
PAMPs
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What are the consequences of detecting PAMPs by
PRRs
?
Aids phagocytosis
Activates innate cells
Promotes
inflammatory mediators
.
direct attack of micro-organism by soluble PRR molecules which enhances phagocytosis and PRR bound PAMPS
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What are Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)?
Host proteins released during cell injury that activate the
immune system
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What is the role of
complement
in the immune system?
Promotes
phagocytosis
through
opsonization
Induces
inflammatory
responses
Directly kills pathogens
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What triggers the
classical pathway
of
complement activation
?
The presence of an
antibody-antigen complex
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What triggers the
alternative pathway
of
complement activation
?
Microbial surface structures, e.g.,
LPS
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What triggers the
lectin pathway
of complement activation?
Mannose
residues on pathogen
glycoproteins
binding to host
lectins
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What is the function of
C3 convertase
in the complement system?
It converts C3 into
C3a
and
C3b
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What are
C3a
and
C5a
in the context of inflammation?
Powerful
anaphylatoxins
that cause
mast cell
degranulation and promote vasodilation
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What role does
C5a
play in the immune response?
It is a
chemotactic
factor that directs the movement of
leukocytes
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How does
C3b
contribute to
phagocytosis
?
It attaches to the microbe and is recognized by
complement receptor 1
(CR1) on phagocytes
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What triggers the formation of the
membrane attack complex
(MAC)?
C5b
triggers the formation of MAC
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What are
cytokines
?
Soluble proteins produced by various cell types critical for
immune
responses
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What are the different actions of
cytokines
?
Autocrine
,
paracrine
, or
endocrine
actions
Proinflammatory (e.g.,
IL-1
,
IL-6
)
Anti-inflammatory (e.g.,
TGF-β
,
IL-10
)
Involved in cell growth and differentiation
Involved in chemotaxis (e.g.,
CCL3
,
CXCL1
)
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What are the characteristics of cytokines?
Pleiotropic
: More than one effect
Redundancy
: Several cytokines can have the same effect
Synergy
: Combined effect greater than individual effects
Antagonism
: One cytokine inhibits another
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See all 187 cards
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