LABP3

• What is the primary function of the digestive system?


  To break down food into smaller components for nutrient absorption
• Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin?


  In the mouth
• What enzyme initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?


  Salivary amylase
• How does the acidic environment of the stomach affect digestion?


  It helps further digestion of food
• What is the primary site for nutrient absorption?


  The small intestine
• What substances do enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver digest in the small intestine?


  Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
• What structures in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption?

  Villi and microvilli
• What nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine?

  Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
• Who discovered insulin and in what year?

  Frederick Banting and Charles Best in 1921
• What is the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?


  It facilitates glucose uptake by cells
• What did E. Waymouth Reid contribute to the understanding of nutrient absorption?


  He advanced the understanding of mechanisms by which the gut absorbs nutrients
• What are the types of carbohydrates and their definitions?

  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, basic building blocks (e.g., glucose, fructose)
  • Disaccharides: Combination of two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose)
  • Oligosaccharides: Short chains of monosaccharides (3-10 units, e.g., raffinose)
  • Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (>10 units, e.g., starch, glycogen)
• What are simple carbohydrates and their examples?


  Simple carbohydrates consist of one or two sugar molecules, like glucose and sucrose
• How are simple carbohydrates absorbed into the bloodstream?


  They are quickly absorbed due to their small molecular size
• What transport mechanisms are involved in the absorption of glucose and fructose?

  Glucose is absorbed via SGLT1, and fructose via GLUT5 transporters
• What are complex carbohydrates and their examples?

  • Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides): Long chains of sugar molecules
  • Examples:
  • Starch: Storage form of glucose in plants
  • Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in animals
  • Cellulose: Component of plant cell walls, indigestible by humans
• What are the key enzymes in carbohydrate digestion?


  • Salivary Amylase: Initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
  • Pancreatic Amylase: Continues digestion in the small intestine
  • Lipase: Digests dietary fats into fatty acids and glycerol
• What is the function of salivary amylase?


  It initiates carbohydrate digestion by hydrolyzing starches
• How does pancreatic amylase differ from salivary amylase?


  Pancreatic amylase continues carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine
• What is the role of lipase in digestion?


  It digests dietary fats into free fatty acids and glycerol
• How does the presence of fats influence carbohydrate digestion?


  It slows gastric emptying, allowing more effective emulsification
• What are the experimental protocols for gut absorption?


  1. Control: No food or fluid intake
  2. Drinking a glucose solution
  3. Eating a complex carbohydrate
  4. Eating a complex carbohydrate with fat
• What is the objective of the control protocol in gut absorption experiments?


  To establish a baseline measurement for blood glucose and hormonal levels
• What is expected after participants consume a glucose solution?


  Rapid increase in blood glucose levels, peaking around 30-60 minutes
• How do blood glucose levels respond after eating a complex carbohydrate?


  They rise more gradually, peaking around 1-2 hours post-consumption
• What is the expected outcome when consuming complex carbohydrates with fat?


  Blood glucose levels may rise more slowly and peak later
• What hormones primarily regulate blood glucose levels?


  Insulin and glucagon
• What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?


  It lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake
• What is glucagon's role in blood glucose levels?


  It raises blood glucose levels during fasting or between meals
• What are the functions of glucagon?


  • Glycogenolysis: Breaks down glycogen into glucose
  • Gluconeogenesis: Synthesizes glucose from amino acids and glycerol
  • Lipolysis: Breaks down fat stores for energy
• What is the effect of cortisol on blood glucose levels?

  Cortisol increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis
• How does epinephrine affect blood glucose levels?


  Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose
• What is Diabetes Mellitus (DM)?


  • A chronic metabolic disorder
  • Characterized by persistent hyperglycemia
  • Due to defects in insulin secretion, action, or both
• What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)?


  It is an autoimmune condition leading to absolute insulin deficiency
• What are the symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?


  Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and fatigue
• What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?


  It involves insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction
• What are the key differences between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?


  • Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells, requires insulin therapy
  • Type 2: Insulin resistance, managed with lifestyle changes and medications
• What is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)?


  It occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes causing insulin resistance
• What is the purpose of measuring Random Blood Sugar (RBS)?


  To detect hyperglycemia in symptomatic patients
• What does Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) measure?


  It measures blood glucose after at least 8 hours of fasting