Anatomy

• The ungual process of the distal phalanx in the carnivore supports?


  supports claw
• The ungual crest of the distal phalanx in the carnivore supports?


  Vascular root of the claw
• The extensor process of the distal phalanx in the carnivore is for?

  Extensor tendons
• The palmer process of the distal phalanx in the carnivore is for?


  Flexor tendons
• The footpads of cat and dogs are classified as?


  Digitigrade
• Carnivor digital pads overlie what joint?

  DIP
• Carnivore footpads have how many digital pads?


  4
• Carnivore footpads have how many metacarpal/metatarsal pads?


  1
• Carnivore metacarpal/metatarsal pads overlie what joints?


  MCP/MTP
• Carnivore footpads have how many carpal/stopper pads?


  1
• Carpal/stopper pads are only where and for what function?


  Only in the forelimb and to protect the accessory carpal bone
• What are the functions of the carnivore footpads?


  • Allow weight bearing over entire digit
  • Support digit and metacarpo/metatarso phalangeal joints
  • Protects deep structures
  • Anti-concussion/shock absorption
  • Resistance to trauma/wear and tear
  • Traction
• Metacarpo/metatarso-phalangeal joint do what in the carnivore footpad?


  Support metacarpal/metatarsal foot pad

  Interosseus muscle for each digit
• The epidermis of carnivore footpads are what type of epithelium?


  Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
• Carnivore footpads have modified skin consisting of what layers?


  Dermis --> Active Germinative layer --> Epidermis
• What is the modified skin on the carnivore footpad function?


  Thick for protection, maintained by increased turnover of cells, rough surface (conical papillae) for traction
• Do carnivore footpads have sweat glands? Why?


  Yes, for heat loss
• What is the contents of the digital cushion in carnivore footpads?


  • Fibrous tissue
  • Elastic tissue
  • Fat
  • Vascular channels
• What is the function of the digital cushion in carnivore footpads?


  Shock absorption
• What is the clinical significance for carnivore footpads?


  Many vascular channels --> messy

  Elastic tissue can cause issues with suturing

  Sweat glands --> messy for bandaging
• What are the layers of the carnivore claw?

  Dermis, germinative layer, epidermis
• Dermis of the carnivore claw


  Fused to periosteum of ungual process, sensitive and bleeds
• Does the dermis of the carnivore claw have laminae?


  No
• How many active areas are in the germinative layer of the carnivore claw?


  2
• What are the active areas in the germinative layer of the carnivore claw?


  1. Recess at ungual crest -- Forms dorsal and lateral surface of claw
  2. Palmer surface ungual process -- forms underside of claw
• The epidermis of the carnivore claw is heavily keratinised = horn +/- pigment
• What are the balanced forces in the dog footpads?

  Dorsal elastic ligaments, CDE, DDFT
• Does the dog footpad continue to grow?

  Yes --> natural wear
• Claws in the dog footpad grow in a circular fashion and can eventually grow into pads.
• In the cat footpads, the neutral position the DIP joint is?


  Hyperextension
• Cat claws have a very strong ?


  Dorsal elastic ligament
• Where does the cat claws rest normally?

  Claws rest in skin folds/sheath between phalanges
• When cat claws are exposed what join flexes?

  DDFT
• De-clawing in cats is the amputation of what?


  The distal phalanges
• Which metacarpo/metatarsos are fused in the distal ruminant limb?


  metacarpal/metatarsal 3 + 4
• How many metacarpo/metatarso-phalangeal joints and pairs of proximal sesamoids are in the metacarpals/tarsals 3+4 of the distal ruminant limb?


  2 metacarpo/metatarso-phalangeal joints and 2 pairs of proximal sesamoids
• Describe digits 3 + 4 in the distal ruminant limb


  • All bones present
  • Weight-bearing
  • 2x proximal interphalangeal joint
  • 2x distal interphalangeal joint
  • 2x distal sesamoid bones
• What digit is absent in the distal ruminant limb?


  Digit 1
• What are digits 2 and 5 more commonly called?


  Dew claws / little hooves palmer aspect
• What joint are Digits 2 + 5 controlled by


  MCP / MTP joint