CHAPTER 1

• What is intelligence according to the Essential English Dictionary?


  Intelligence is the ability to think, learn, and understand instead of doing things by instinct.
• What is required for someone or something to think?

  Someone or something must have a brain or an organ that enables learning and understanding.
• How can we define intelligence?


  Intelligence can be defined as the ability to learn and understand, to solve problems, and to make decisions.
• What is artificial intelligence (AI)?


  AI is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.
• What abilities does artificial intelligence possess?


  AI has the ability to learn and understand, to solve problems, and to make decisions.
• What are the different definitions of AI systems?


  • Systems that think like humans
  • Systems that think rationally
  • Systems that act like humans
  • Systems that act rationally
• What is the goal of artificial intelligence?


  The goal of AI is to make machines perform tasks that would require intelligence if done by humans.
• Why is the question "Can Machines Think?" important to the discipline of AI?


  It is important because it addresses the fundamental capabilities of machines in relation to human intelligence.
• What are the components involved in intelligence?


  Components include perceiving, recognizing, understanding the real world, reasoning, planning, learning, and adaptation.
• What did Turing invent to avoid semantic arguments about machines and thinking?


  Turing invented the Turing Imitation Game.
• What are the phases of the Turing Imitation Game?


  Phase 1:

  • Interrogator questions a man and a woman in separate rooms.
  • The man tries to deceive the interrogator, while the woman tries to convince him she is the woman.

  
  

  Phase 2:

  • The man is replaced by a computer programmed to deceive.
  • If the computer can fool the interrogator, it passes the intelligent behavior test.
• What are the two remarkable qualities of the Turing test?


  It provides an objective standard view on intelligence and is independent from the details of the experiment.
• How can the Turing test be conducted?


  The Turing test can be conducted as a two-phase or single-phase game.
• What did Turing believe about programming a digital computer by the end of the 20th century?


  Turing believed it would be possible to program a digital computer to play the imitation game.
• What does the Turing test provide a basis for?


  The Turing test provides a basis for the verification and validation of knowledge-based systems.
• What are the types of autonomous things in AI technology?


  • Robotics
  • Vehicles
  • Drones
  • Appliances
  • Agents
• What is the Internet of Bodies (IoB)?


  IoB refers to body-attached, implantable, and embedded devices that interact with sensors in the environment.
• What are the concerns associated with IoB devices?

  Concerns include security, privacy, physical harm, and abuse.
• What do social credit algorithms use to identify a person?


  They use facial recognition and other advanced biometrics.
• What is the purpose of social credit algorithms?

  The purpose is to approve or deny access to consumer products or social services based on retrieved data.
• What are the machine learning methods in AI?

  • Artificial Neural Network
  • Evolutionary Computation
  • Fuzzy Logic
  • Swarm Intelligence
• What is a programming paradigm?

  A programming paradigm is a fundamental style of computer programming and a way of building the structure and elements of computer programs.
• What is the Logic and Symbolic programming paradigm?

  It takes a declarative approach to problem-solving using logical assertions about a situation.
• What is the structure of a logical program?


  1. Definitions/declarations that define the problem domain
  2. Statements of relevant facts
  3. Statement of goals in the form of a query
• What is a sample language used in AI programming paradigms?

  PROLOG
• What are the components of the sample language PROLOG?


  • Domains: being = symbol
  • Predicates: animal(being), dog(being), die(being)
  • Clauses: animal(X) :- dog(X), dog(fido), die(X) :- animal(X)