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• What had Pizarro done before his expedition to Peru?


  -Been with Balboa in 1513 when the expedition reached the Pacific.

  -Part of an expedition to set up a colony on mainland Central America that failed.

  -When Balboa was replaced as governor of Darien, Pizarro came to arrest him.
• What happened on Pizarro's first expedition?


  -In November 1524, Pizarro led an expedition southwards with 80 men and 40 horses.

  -It was not a success as Pizarro sailed to only Columbia before bad weather, lack of food and attacks from the natives forced him to turn back.
• What happened on Pizarro's second expedition (1526-1527)


  -In November 1526 Pizarro left Panama with two ships, 180 men and horses.

  -Discovered and captured a raft containing silver, gold and emeralds.

  -Ruiz returned to Panama, but Pizarro stayed on the Isla del Gallo with 13 other men.

  -They continued south and found wealth in the Tumbes region.

  -Returned to Panama in 1527 to set up a third expedition.
• Who was Ruiz?


  He was Pizarro's pilot
• How did Pizarro get permission for a third expedition?


  -In 1528 he returned to Spain with evidence of Inca wealth, including llamas, silver and gold.

  -Had been refused by the governor of Panama, so appealed to King Charles I

  -On 26th July 1529 the king gave Pizarro the Capitulacion de Toledo, which was a license to conquer Peru.
• When did Pizarro leave for Peru and with what supplies?


  -In December 1530.

  -With Peruvians who had become fluent Spanish speakers.

  -Three caravels carrying 180 men.

  -27 horses and arms.
• What was the Inca Empire?


  -An empire stretching down the west coast of Latin America along the Andes mountains.

  -The empire was famous for wealth and contained gold and silver mines.

  -Huayna Capac was the powerful Inca emperor who was worshipped as a god by his people.
• What was the significance of Huayna Capac's death?


  -Huayna Capac was killed in 1525 while travelling by smallpox.

  -He left the empire to his two sons who divided it between them. Atahuallpa claim the northern half and Huascar claimed the south. This resulted in many civil wars.
• When was Huascar killed and why?


  -In 1529 civil war breaks out.

  -In April 1532 Atahuallpa wins Battle of Quipan.

  -Takes Huascar as prisoner and kills him.
• When did Pizarro leave and arrive on his third expedition?


  -Left Panama in December 1530.

  -Arrived in Ecuador in January 1531.
• What advantage did Pizarro take care of on his third expedition?


  He realised that the civil war between the brothers gave him a chance to seize power by attacking when the empire was divided and weakened by disease.
• When did Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca?


  14 November 1532
• When was the Battle of Cajamarca and what happened?

  -On 16 November 1532

  -The Spanish arrived early and hid their men in ambush positions in the square.

  -Atahuallpa was offered a Christian Bible by Friar Vicente, but threw it on the ground saying the Spaniards god was no better than his.

  -Vincente claimed that the natives were against the Christian faith.

  -Using this excuse the Spanish killed 2,000 Incas and took Atahuallpa as prisoner.
• When and why was Atahuallpa killed?


  -On 26 July 1533

  -The Spanish agreed to ransom Atahuallpa at first for a room full of gold and silver.

  -However the Spanish did not release him and accused him of plotting against them and put him on trial for treason.

  -Atahuallpa was executed for treason in Cajamarca as Inca supporters pleaded for his life.
• What was the reaction to Atahuallpa's death and who was put on the throne after?


  -Pizarro marched from Cajamarca to Cuzco, the Inca capital and was welcomed by the inhabitants, many of whom hated Atahuallpa's rule.

  -Pizarro has Manco a younger son of Huayna Capac crowned as the new Inca Emperor.
• Why did the Inca's revolt against Manco?


  -The Spaniards' looting of sacred temples for gold objects.

  -Manco was used as a puppet ruler of the Spaniards

  -Many Inca generals and leaders were murdered.

  -The raping for many Inca women, including Manco's wife by the Spanish.
• What happened on the Siege of Cuzco?


  -1536-1537

  -10,000 Inca warriors faced 150 Spanish and 1000 native allies.

  -The Inca warriors broke into the town burning buildings to drive out the Spanish.

  -The Spanish used their cavalry to attack the Inca warriors in the city.

  -The Spanish captured the fortress of Sacsahuaman from the Incas, which the Inca army besieged.

  -The siege ended when Spanish forces who were exploring Chile returned in April 1537.
• What happened to Manco after the Siege of Cuzco?


  -Manco withdrew forces

  -A separate kingdom was established (the Neo Inca State), which lasted until 1572.
• What was the impact of the conquest of the Incas?


  -Disease, especially smallpox and measles, devastated the Inca population, reducing it by 93% by 1591.

  -Inca temples were raided and stripped of gold and their religious leaders were killed.

  -Incas were forced to accept being governed by Spain.

  -Many Incas were reduced to slavery and were joined by slaves brought from Africa.
• Where were silver mines located?

  -Potosi in Bolivia.

  -Guanajuato and Zacatecas in Mexico.
• What was the process of silver mining?


  -Deep mines were dug where there was no risk of flooding.

  -Silver ore was mined and brought to the surface.

  -The ore was smelted to extract silver, which was turned into coins.

  -Many workers were needed to bring the silver ore and smelt it.

  -Many pack animals were needed to move the silver.
• What was the significance of silver in Bolivia and Mexico?

  -Legends of undiscovered wealth (e.g. El Dorado) encouraged investment in projects from Spanish merchants.

  -This lead to further expansions of territory e.g. Argentina.

  -Resulted in increased colonisation of the new world.

  -Vast amounts of wealth was produced (25% sent directly to Spanish treasury).

  -Spanish government need to claim more control of these areas.
• Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?

  -Priest who travelled to the New World in 1512, where he witnessed the brutality of the conquistadors.-Made Protector of Indian's and in 1527 he wrote a book of what he had seen.-In 1542 he persuaded Charles I to sign the New Laws to improve the lives of natives.
• What were the roles of the viceroys?

  -Council of Indies appointed viceroys to govern the Spanish territory.

  -Two viceroys (one in Mexico City and one in Lima).

  -Had great power as they acted on behalf of the Spanish government.

  -Poor communication meant decisions took 8 months to be approved.

  -Governed town life through cabildos.

  -Justice was independent from the viceroys.
• What was the role of the encomienda system?

  -A Spaniard (often conquistador) was allocated land and workers by the Spanish government and became an encomendero.-Could demand tribute and work from natives, but in return had to teach natives about Spanish life.-In practice the natives were exploited.
• What were the New Laws?

  -Signed on 20 November 1542.-Made it illegal to enslave natives.-Amount of tribute that could be collected was limited.-Encomiendas had to be passed to the Spanish government on the death of the encomendero.
• What was the significance of the New Laws?

  -Laws were intended to improve rights of native people.-However they were opposed by the viceroy of Peru and encomenderos and they refused to implement them.-Lead to revolts in Peru (the most important in 1544).
• What was the Conquistador revolt in Peru in 1544?

  -The New Laws were unpopular as they took away the power of encomenderos.-Lead to a serious revolt lead by Gonzalo Pizarro.-Rebellion was initially successful and Gonzalo ruled the Inca territory for two years.-However the Spanish army arrived and executed Gonzalo.-Spanish authority was restored by the founding of La Paz in 1548.
• What was the significance of La Paz?

  -Was founded in Bolivia in 1548 on the site of an Inca city.-Founded to commemorate the ending of Pizarro's revolt and demonstrate Spain's authority.-Became the administrative centre of the Spanish empire.-The Spanish viceroy was based here.-Founded close to trade routes between mines (Potosi and Oruro).-Located high up in the Andes so hard to attack.-Represented the peak of the conquistador conquest.
• What were the effects of silver on the Spanish economy?

  -Of the treasure that arrived in Spain 25% went to the Spanish treasury.-Used to make coins to allow extensive trade.-Demands for goods increased, so foreign traders put up their prices.-Led to inflation as prices were also raised for ordinary people.-Supported the war against France
• When was Spain's war against France?

  1542-1546
• Who were privateers?

  -Private pirates who were paid to attack Spanish treasure ships in the 1520s.-Mainly from England and France.
• How did Spain stop privateers and pirates?

  -Fleets were developed to travel together with convoys, protected by fighting ships called gallons.-Two convoy systems were created. The New Spain (sailed to Mexico) and the Tierra Firma (sailed to South America).
• What was the impact of trade on Seville?

  -All goods imported were required to pass through Seville (due to the Case de Contratacion).-Merchants from all over Europe traded in Seville to buy goods e.g. cotton and tobacco.-Seville was about 100km inland, up the river Guadalquivir which made it difficult to attack.
• What was the Consulado de Mercaderes?

  -Merchants wanted a say in the Case de Contraction-A merchant's guild which enabled them to control most of the trade with Spanish colonies.-Their control of the economies in Spain and the New World grew.
• Why were labour shortages in the New World caused?

  -The encomienda system, growing trade and labour in mines all required large labour forces.-The native population had died due to being overworked and disease.-Labour shortages started in 1550s-Lead to rise of wages due to demand.
• What were asienetos?

  -Due to the Treaty of Tordesillas slaves from Africa could not be directly acquired.-Merchant were given licenses (asienetos) to supply slaves bought from the Portuguese.The asienetos were also sold to the highest bidder.
• What was the role of the Case de Contratacion?

  -Established in 1503 by Queen Isabella.-Collected all colonial taxes and duties. 20% tax was charged on precious metals.-Approved all voyages and expeditions, using secret information about trade routes.-In theory no Spaniard could sail without their approval.-Licensed captains of ships who attended navigational schools.
• What was the Council of Indies?

  -Formed in 1524-Based in Spain and consisted of a president and 8 councillors.-Controlled all matters in the New World.-Members would discuss messages received by viceroys and make recommendations to the king.-Once approved, these were then sent to the viceroys in the New World.-In practice this was difficult to maintain, due to the time delays, giving the viceroys the real power.