Carbohydrates

• What is a covalent bond?

  A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons
• How do hydrogen bonds occur?

  They result from the attractive force between a slightly positively charged hydrogen and a slightly negatively charged oxygen of different water molecules
• Between which types of ions do ionic bonds occur?

  Ionic bonds occur between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound
• Which of the bonds mentioned are the strongest?

  Covalent bonds are the strongest
• How does hydrogen bonding relate to transpiration?

  As water diffuses out of the stomata, water molecules are pulled along together due to hydrogen bonds, creating a transpiration stream
• What is a carbohydrate?

  A carbohydrate is a group of substances that are important in many biological processes
• What elements do carbohydrates contain?

  Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is the general formula for carbohydrates?


  The general formula is $C_x(H_2O)_y$, where x and y are variable
• What is the molecular formula for glucose?


  The molecular formula for glucose is $C_6H_{12}O_6$
• What are the three types of carbohydrates and their roles?

  • Monosaccharides: Single sugar units, energy sources
  • Disaccharides: Two sugar units, energy sources
  • Polysaccharides: Long chains of sugar units, energy storage and structural support
• What are monosaccharides?


  Monosaccharides are single sugar units
• How do monosaccharides form disaccharides?


  Monosaccharides can be joined by condensation reactions to form disaccharides
• What is the general formula for monosaccharides?


  The general formula is $(CH_2O)_n$, where n can be any number
• What are the classifications of monosaccharides based on the number of carbon atoms?


  Monosaccharides can be classified as triose (n=3), pentose (n=5), or hexose (n=6)
• What are examples of hexose monosaccharides?


  Examples of hexose monosaccharides include glucose and galactose
• What is the process of forming disaccharides from monosaccharides?


  Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction
• What is the reaction that forms maltose from glucose?


  Glucose + Glucose → Maltose
• What is the reaction that forms lactose from glucose and galactose?


  Glucose + Galactose → Lactose
• What is the reaction that forms sucrose from glucose and fructose?


  Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose
• What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions?

  • Condensation reactions: Join monosaccharides to form polysaccharides by removing a water molecule
  • Hydrolysis reactions: Break apart polysaccharides into monosaccharides by adding a water molecule
• What is a glycosidic bond?


  A glycosidic bond is a bond formed by a condensation reaction that joins two monosaccharides
• What are polysaccharides?


  Polysaccharides are polymers formed from many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
• What are three important examples of polysaccharides?


  Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
• What is the role of starch in plants?


  Starch is a storage molecule in plants
• What is the role of glycogen in animals?

  Glycogen is a storage molecule in animals
• What is the role of cellulose?


  Cellulose is useful for structural support
• What tasks should be completed for homework regarding carbohydrates?


  • Complete extra reading on organic molecules
  • Answer summary questions
  • Complete carbohydrate structure questions
  • Finish any unfinished classwork
• What definitions should be created for key terms related to carbohydrates?

  • Starch
  • Monosaccharide
  • Glycosidic bond
  • Carbohydrate
  • Condensation reaction
  • Hydrolysis reaction
  • Disaccharide
• What is a covalent bond?


  A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons
• How do hydrogen bonds occur?


  They result from the attractive force between a slightly positively charged hydrogen of one water molecule and a slightly negatively charged oxygen of another water molecule
• Between which types of ions do ionic bonds occur?


  Ionic bonds occur between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound
• Which of the bonds mentioned are the strongest?


  Covalent bonds are the strongest
• How does hydrogen bonding relate to transpiration?


  As water diffuses out of the stomata, water molecules are pulled along together due to hydrogen bonds, causing a transpiration stream
• What is a carbohydrate?


  A carbohydrate is a group of substances that are important in many biological processes
• What elements do carbohydrates contain?

  Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is the general formula for carbohydrates?


  The general formula is $C_x(H_2O)_y$, where x and y are variable
• What is the molecular formula for glucose?


  The molecular formula for glucose is $C_6H_{12}O_6$
• What are the three types of carbohydrates?

  • Monosaccharides (single sugar units)
  • Disaccharides (two combined sugar units)
  • Polysaccharides (long chains of sugar units)
• How do monosaccharides form disaccharides and polysaccharides?


  Monosaccharides can be joined by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
• What is the general formula for monosaccharides?


  The general formula is $(CH_2O)_n$, where n can be any number