MUSCULAR SYSTEM 2

• muscles used stored ATP for energy
• Three ways to produce ATP for muscle use:

  • Creatine Phosphate
  • Cellular Respiration
  • Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)
• is a high-energy compound and is the fastest way to make ATP available for muscles

  Anaerobic respiration

  Used for activities: 15 seconds duration


  Creatine phosphate
• Mitochondria use glucose molecules

  Provides most of muscle’s ATP

  Aerobic Respiration (needs oxygen)

  Used for activities lasting hours


  cellular respiration
• reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen

  Anaerobic Respiration

  Used for activities: 30-60 seconds


  anaerobic respiration
• Heavy Breathing after exercise is a sign of oxygen deficiency.
• It takes up to two days to replace all of the glucose in the muscles and glycogen in the liver
• Two points of attachment of each muscle to the bone are called origin and insertion.
• also called the fixed end

  is usually the most stationary, proximal end of the muscle.

  origin
• In cases of multiple origins, each origin is called head
• called the mobile end

  usually the distal end of the muscle attached to the joint.

  insertion
• The part of the muscle between the origin and insertion

  belly
• attachment point that connects the tendon of each muscle to the bone.

  tendons
• tendons: composed of dense connective tissue and can be long and ropelike, broad, and sheetlike (called aponeuroses)
• The specific body movement a muscle contraction causes.

  action
• group of muscles that opposes the action of a single muscle group (agonist)

  antagonist
• flexion of biceps = agonist;
• muscles that tend to function in groups to accomplish specific movements.

  synergist
• In a group of synergists, the muscle that contributes most to the movement is called prime over
• The prime overs need to be stabilized. The stabilizers of prime movers care called fixators
• muscles are named according to their:

  1. location
  2. size
  3. origin and insertion
  4. shape
  5. orientation
  6. number of heads
  7. function
• Pectoralis (chest)
• Gluteus (buttocks)
• Brachial (arms)
• Maximus (large)
• Minimus (small)
• Major (larger of two muscles)
• Minor (Smaller of two muscles)
• Longus (long)
• Brevis (short)
• Muscles and their bones work together through levers.
• are machines that consist of a rigid pole or beam that can pivot, or move at a stationary hinge.

  levers
• This hinge is called fulcrum (F), the lever moves at the hinger and can apply force to a weight (W)
• When muscles contract the pull (P), or force, or muscle contraction is applied to the levers (bones) causing them to move a body part (weight)
• The fulcrum is between the pull and the weight.

  class 1 lever
• The weight is located between the fulcrum and the pull.

  class 2 lever
• The most common type i the body

  The pull is in between the fulcrum and the weight

  class 3 lever
• types of ordinary body movements

  1. abduction
  2. adduction
  3. flexion
  4. extension
  5. rotation
  6. circumduction
• Abduction - away from central ref. point.

  Adduction - towards central ref. point.
• Flexion - decreases angle between bones

  Extension - increases angle between bones