Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide - 1

  Disaccharide - 2

  Oligosaccharide - 3-10

  Polysaccharide - up to 10,000
• Beta glucose - on carbon 1, the hydroxyl group is above the plain of the ring
• Ribose vs deoxyribose

  A) CH2OH

  B) OH

  C) Deoxyribose

  
• Alpha vs beta glucose

  A) CH2OH

  B) H

  C) OH

  D) OH

  E) OH

  F) H

  G) H

  H) H

  I) BELOW

  J) ABOVE

  
• GLYCOSIDIC BOND

  A) WATER

  B) GLYCOSIDIC BOND

  C) CONDENSATION

  D) OH

  E) H

  
• DISACCHARIDES

  • a-glucose + a-glucose -> maltose
  • a-glucose + fructose -> sucrose
  • any glucose + galactose -> lactose
• STARCH

  • 20% amylose
  • long, unbranched, helical
  • alpha - 1,4 - glycosidic bonds
  • compact
  • ~300
• STARCH

  • 80% amylopectin
  • long, branches every 24
  • alpha - 1,4 AND 1,6 - glycosidic bonds
  • ~3,000
• STARCH - plant energy store

  • insoluble
  • branches allow for multiple enzymes to break down glycosidic bonds, rapid release of glucose
  • compact
  • can be stored without dispersing
• GLYCOGEN

  • alpha - 1,4 AND 1,6 - glycosidic bonds
  • helical, branches every 10
  • ~60,000
• GLYCOGEN - animal energy store

  • insoluble
  • contains energy
  • frequent branches allow for rapid release from multiple enzymes
  • can be stored without dispersing
  • meets higher metabolic requirements of animal cells
• CELLULOSE

  • beta - 1,4 - glycosidic bonds
  • hydrogen bonds between layers
  • every other glucose is flipped
  • linear
• CELLULOSE - cell walls in plants (structural)

  • insoluble
  • high tensile strength to withstand high turgor pressure to prevent cells bursting
  • flexible to allow movement
  • unreactive
  • permeable
  • rigid for strong cell walls
  • decomposes slowly (requires cellulase enzymes)
• functions of carbs

  • transport (sucrose, glucose)
  • structure (cellulose, chitin)
  • component of other molecules (nucleic acid, antigens, glycoproteins)
  • energy source (glucose)
  • energy store (starch, glycogen)
• MALTOSE

  • (a 1,4 glycosidic bonds)
  • produced from starch as grain and seeds germinate
• SUCROSE

  • a 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • transport carbohydrate in plants
• LACTOSE

  • b 1,4 glycosidic bond
  • important respiratory substrate in milk