Germany

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  twoeffects of the German Revolution (1918–19) on Germany.-Abdication of the Kaiser:- after the Kiel mutiny and protests in Germany in october, the Kaiser had completely lost control and abdicated on 9 November 1918.2:

  -End of WW1:- Due to the revolution, which caused the Kaisers abdication, this allowed for the armistice to be signed and the official end of WW1
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  twoeffects of the abdication of the Kaiser in 1918 on Germany.1. End of WW1:- After the Kaiser had lost control of Germany and abdicated, when Friedrich Erbert took control, the armistice was signed on the 11 November 1918 by Matthias Erzberger.

  2. Creation of the Weimar Republic:- The Council of People's Representatives temporarily took control once the Kaiser abdicated until the new government was formed.- The government was set up in Weimar and the Weimar constitution was written, giving freedom of speech, religion and equality to all, men and women over 20 were allowed to vote, with parties being elected by proportional representation.
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  twoeffects of the Weimar Constitution on Germany.1. Allowed for many different voices and opinions to be heard:- Everyone had freedom of speech, religion and equality- men and women over 20 could vote

  2. Extremist parties would be a part of the government due to proportional representation:- Due to proportional representation, any party could have a voice within a government, even small extremist ones- no party could be in a majority
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  twoeffects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.1. They became severely weak and small:- they had lost 13% of their European territory and all 11 of it's colonies in Africa

  2. They fell deeply into debt:- as they had to pay 136,000 million marks, and had lost almost 50% of its iron reserves and 15% of its coal reserves, Germany could not pay the reparations at a fast enough rate, which eventually led to the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923.
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  Explaintwoeffects of the Spartacist Uprising on Germany.1. Increase in support for left-wing parties:When the uprising happened on 6 January 1919, thousands of communists were arrested or killed, along with the leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht murdered by the Freikorps. However, communism was the best option for the working class, and in the November 1932 elections, the German Communist Party won 100 seats.

  
  

  2. It made Weimar look weak because Weimar had to rely on the Freikorps to put the uprising down.It made Weimar look undemocratic because of the way the uprising's leaders were dealt with.
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  twoeffects of the Kapp Putsch on Germany.1. Government popularity and authority was weakened.- The government had not been able to govern on its own authority.- It relied on workers' strikes and the Freikorps to defeat political opponents.- In the following elections of 6th June 1920, the SPD (Ebert's Party) fell by over half compared to the January 1919 elections.

  2) Extremist Parties gathered strength.- The two uprisings proved that the government was weak and those who have the most military power could eventually win.- This increased unrest throughout Germany, leading to the Munich Putsch in 1923.
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  twoeffects of the French occupation of the Ruhr on Germany.1. Hyperinflation- The occupation of the Ruhr by France led the German government to sanction 'passive resistance' by German workers, which meant the government had to print more money to pay the striking workers and this contributed to hyperinflation

  2. Unpopularity of the Weimar government-The occupation of the Ruhr by France contributed to the unpopularity of the Weimar Republic
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  twoeffects of hyperinflation on Germany.1) Some people benefited.- Farmers profited from rising food prices and some businesses were able to pay off loans, as the loans lost value.- Others were able to buy up smaller, failing businesses very cheaply.

  2) Many people suffered.- Everyone suffered from shortages:- German marks became worthless compared to foreign currency.- Foreign suppliers refused to accept marks for goods, so imports dried up and food shortages got worse!- Difficult to buy what was needed:-Those with savings, insurance policies and pensions were hit hardest as saving became worthless.
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  twoeffects of the work of Gustav Stresemann on Germany in the years 1923–29.1. Stabilization of the Economy: Stresemann's policies, including the introduction of the Rentenmark, helped to stabilize the German economy after the hyperinflation crisis of 1923, restoring public confidence in the currency and financial system.

  2. Improved International Relations: Stresemann's diplomatic efforts led to improved relations with other countries, notably through the signing of treaties that acknowledged Germany's post-World War I borders, which helped to reintegrate Germany into the international community.
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  twoeffects of Stresemann's economic policies on Germany1. Economic Recovery: Stresemann's economic policies contributed to a period of relative economic stability and growth, reducing unemployment and fostering industrial production during the mid to late 1920s.

  2. Increased Foreign Investment: His focus on promoting foreign investment through the Dawes Plan encouraged international capital to flow into Germany, facilitating economic development and modernization.
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  twoeffects of The Dawes Plan on Germany.1. It created short-term economic benefit for Germany:this was due to the reparations being lowered, as well as the USA providing 800mil in loans. allowed for the coal output to rise from 275mil to 300mil between 1924 and 1929. Also reduced unemployment to the lowest level in 1928.

  2. Created long-term economic problems for Germany:The German economy was extremely reliant on the USA, but when the Wall Street Crash happened in September 1929, the Weimar economy fell.
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  twoeffects of the Young Plan on Germany1) Strengthened the Weimar Republic.- Eased the burden of reparations payments.- 1929: Cut reparations payments from £6.6 billion to £2 billion, with 59 more years to pay.

  2)- The deal didn't please everyone, especially those who resented the Treaty of Versailles, such as the National Socialists.- 'passing on the penalty to the unborn'.
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  twoeffects of Stresemann's foreign policy on Germany1. Acceptance in the League of Nations: Stresemann's foreign policy efforts resulted in Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926, marking a significant step towards Germany's reintegration into international politics and diplomacy.

  2. Locarno Treaties: His negotiation of the Locarno Treaties in 1925 helped secure peace in Western Europe by guaranteeing Germany's borders with France and Belgium, leading to a period of stability and cooperation among European nations.
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  twoeffects of the Locarno Treaties on Germany.1) Germany treated as an equal- (1925): Germany agreed to keep to its new 1919 border with France and Belgium.- In return, the Allies agreed to remove their troops from the Rhineland.- The agreement was made with Germany and not forced upon it like the Treaty of Versailles.- As a result, many moderate Germans had greater confidence in Stresemann and the Weimar Republic.- The 'spirit of Locarno' improved relations in Europe in the 1925-1930 period, encouraging foreign investment in Germany.

  2) Some people turned more against the gov.- Extremist parties such as the Nazis and Communists still detested the Republic and viewed the Locarno Pact as further betrayal of Germany as it confirmed many of the points of the hated Treaty of Versailles.
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  twoeffects of the Kellogg-Briand Pact on Germany.1) Showed that Germany had become a respectable member of the international community.- Germany was one of 62 countries to sign (1928).- Promised not to use war to achieve foreign policy aims.- Germany was viewed as a serious power that could be respected and trusted.

  2) Some people turned more against the gov.- It was supported by moderate Germans but despised by extremist parties.- Those who hated the Pact detested it because it did not reverse any of the sanctions placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
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  twoeffects of the Munich Putsch on the Nazi Party in the years 1923–28.1. Hitler used the outcome of the Munich Putsch to get national publicity and sympathy for his ideas, which benefitted the Nazi Party

  2. The Munich Putsch led to Hitler's imprisonment where he considered how best to achieve power. He wrote these ideas in Mein Kampf and they became central to the Nazi Party and aided the survival of the Party

  3. The Munich Putsch led to a ban on the Nazi Party, which was weakly enforced and lifted in 1925. This enabled the Nazi Party to survive and grow and win seats in the 1928 Reichstag elections.
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  twoeffects of the changes to the Nazi Party in the years 1920–22.1. Increased Membership and Popularity: The changes made during this period, such as the introduction of a structured party organization and the establishment of the SA led to a significant increase in membership and popularity of the Nazi Party among various segments of German society.

  2. Shift to Nationalist Rhetoric: The party began to emphasize nationalist and anti-communist rhetoric more prominently, which attracted support from people who were disillusioned with the Weimar Republic and concerned about the threat of communism- 25 Point Programme
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  twoeffects of Hitler’s reorganization (1924-28) on the Nazi Party.1 - Increase Nazi Party Support in Local Areas- by 1928, Nazi Party was well organised and had 100,000+ members- Nazis won 12 seats in May 1928- achieved by increase in strength of SS and SA-

  2 - Long term propaganda success- Joseph Geobbles was in charge of propaganda- Created scapegoats for Germany's problems (Jews, WR leaders, SDP who signed TOV)
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  twoeffects of the Great Depression on Germany1) Extremist parties like the Nazis and Communists benefited from public anger with the government.- Many joined the private armies of political parties and violence increased across Germany.- Right-wing parties opposed higher taxes.- Left-wing parties opposed lower benefits.- Bruning's coalition government collapsed and he had to rely on Presidential decree (Article 48) to govern.- In 1930 only 5 decrees were used this rose to 66 in 1932.- Decrees just undermined confidence in the Weimar Republic.

  2) German government left without money and struggling to afford reparations repayments.- Workers became unemployed, further increasing the welfare bill for the German government.
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  twoeffects on the German people of Hitler’s methods to win their support in 19321) police state - fear factor- SA disrupted meetings and threatened opposition. Some people were killed and voters were intimidated as they cast their votes

  2) propaganda and censorship- posters were designed to target different groups in Germany
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  twoeffects of the Reichstag Fire for the Nazi Party.1. Increased fear of CommunismSaid the fire was a communist conspiracy (Marinus van der Lubbe), Hitler used to his advantage to arrest 4,000 communists on the night of the fire, as well as increased propaganda to villainise communism.

  2. Increased support for the NazisAfter using the communists as a way to get people to vote for the Nazis 6 days after the fire (5 March 1933), he used propaganda, Goering replaced police officers with SA members which created violence against opposition.

  3. Hitler used the confusion and unease generated by the fire to consolidate his own power.- Passed 'Law for the Protection of People and State' on 28th February = ended freedom of speech, freedom of association and freedom of the press.
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  twoeffects of the Enabling Act on Germany.1) No more democracy.- The Act changed the constitution of the Weimar Republic and gave Hitler the right to make laws for four years without the consent of the Reichstag.- It marked the end of Democracy and the end of the Weimar Republic.

  2) Germany turned into a totalitarian state.- To stop the threat of a nationwide strike, in May 1933 Hitler used his new powers to ban trade unions and make strikes illegal.- In July 1933 he issued the 'Law against the Establishment of Parties.'--> Article 1 removed all opposition and declared the NSDAP as the only legal party.
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  twoeffects of the Night of the Long Knives on the Nazi Party1) Removed internal threats to Hitler's leadership.- June 1934- 400 SA members and leaders shot- Proved that Hitler was now acting illegally by murdering his rivals for power.- SA continued after 1934 but was limited to giving muscle to the Nazi party and was now firmly under Hitler's control.

  2) Strengthened Loyalty Among the Military: The purge targeted the SA leadership and other political rivals, which solidified the loyalty of the German Army (Wehrmacht) to Hitler and the Nazi regime.
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  twoeffects of the police state on Germany, 1933-1939.1) Gestapo controlled all aspects of people's lives.- They controlled what people did, what people said and where people went.- Anything which was against the ideals of the Nazi party was dealt with by the police forces and anyone breaking rules was to be punished severely.- By 1939, 150,000 people were 'under protective arrest' in prison and few would ever see release.

  2) People were sent to prison camps.- Use of concentration camps was significant as it boosted the German economy during the war.- Undesirables were simply sent to camps and never seen again, often murdered or worked to death.- By 1939, there were 6 camps holding about 20,000 people.
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  twoeffects of Nazi censorship on Germany.1. Lack of expression and freedom within Germany:As many types of art forms such as modern art ( Hitler didn't like it and said it weakened Nazism ) Jazz music/ anything influenced by the USA were banned, the German people were forced into liking Nazi-approved art, which would have made an impact on young people as they could not explore art forms of their choice.

  2.People were blindly introduced and supporting nazi beliefs:Joseph Goebbels was Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda, and by subtly censoring everyday things such as radio stations and newspapers, through making them join the Reich Press Chamber and Reich Radio Company. The people of Germany were subconsciously doctrinated to believe Nazi ideologies, as Goebbels chose to use propaganda subtly.
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  twoeffects of Nazi rule on education in Germany in the years 1933–39.1. The teaching profession was put under the control of the National Socialist Teachers' Alliance, which indoctrinated teachers with Nazi ideology, e.g. racial purity

  2. Certain subjects took on new importance, e.g. sport, history, biology and mathematics, as they were fashioned to support Nazi ideology.
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  twoeffects of Nazi policies towards young people on Germany.1) Nazi's took over education.- New subjects like Race Studies taught children that Aryans were superior and they should not marry Jews.- Mein Kampf became a compulsory school text.- History lessons criticised communism and the Treaty of Versailles.- Teachers had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler and join the Nazi Teachers' League.- Teachers taught children the Nazi salute and started each lesson with the children saying 'Heil Hitler'.

  2) Nazi's made compulsory youth movements.- Hitler youth, League of German Maidens- All groups had uniforms and had to swear loyalty to the Nazi Party.- Activities encourages good health, good citizenship and support for the Nazis. Sports, Camping and Hiking were popular activities. Group activities encouraged co-operation and comradeship.- Boys mainly did marching drills, map-reading, signalling and rifle shooting.- Girls mainly did cooking, setting up camps and motherhood activities.
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  twoeffects of Nazi policies for women in Germany1) Women were expected to be mothers.- The Mother's Cross was awarded to women based on the number of children they had to encourage them to have more. Bronze=4/5, silver=6/7, and gold 8+.- The Lebensborn programme was another policy to encourage childbirth.- Started in 1935 by Heinrich Himmler, it attempted to encourage the creation of 'ideologically pure' children

  2) Limited Professional Opportunities: The Nazis implemented restrictions on women's employment in professions, particularly in leadership roles, which resulted in a significant decline in female participation in the workforce
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  twoeffects of Nazi rule on the Churches in the years 1933–39.1. Greater control of Catholic Church- the Nazis signed the Concordat (1933) with the Pope gave the Nazis greater control over Catholic education, e.g. Catholic schools were brought into line with state schools or closed, Nazis forbade Roman Catholic priests from intervening in politics, and some were harassed, arrested and sent to concentration camps, and Roman Catholic bishops had to swear an oath of loyalty to the Nazi regime

  2. Greater control of the Protestant Church- creation of the German Christian Church under the leadership of 'Reich Bishop', Ludwig Müller.
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  twoeffects of Nazi policies towards minorities, 1933-19391. Discrimination: Minorities, particularly Jews and Romani people, faced systematic discrimination, including social exclusion, economic deprivation, and violence, as the regime implemented racist policies.

  2. Preparation for Genocide: The policies laid the groundwork for more extreme measures, contributing to the eventual implementation of the Holocaust, as the regime dehumanized and targeted these groups for extermination.
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  twoeffects of the Nuremberg Laws (1935) on the lives of Jews living in Germany.1. The Nuremburg Laws made German citizenship conditional on producing a certificate confirming Aryan descent, thereby removing citizenship from all Jews

  2. The Nuremburg Laws ensured that Jews were not allowed to marry Aryan Germans

  3. The Nuremburg Laws led to many Jews emigrating from Germany as their daily lives became intolerable, e.g. to other European countries
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  twoeffects of Kristallnacht on Jewish people1) Jewish property and lives were destroyed.- Using the assassination of von Rath as an excuse, Germans, including SS and SA, attacked Jews.- 9th and 10th of November.- 814 shops, 171 homes and 191 synagogues were destroyed.- At least 100 Jews were killed.

  2) The Jews were fined for the damage that Gemans inflicted on them.- 1 billion Reichsmarks for instigating the violence and to pay for any damage.- This was followed up with the rounding up of Jews and interning them in concentration camps.
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  twoeffects of Nazi policies to reduce unemployment on Germany1. Economic Recovery: The policies, including public works projects like the Autobahn, led to a significant reduction in unemployment and contributed to economic recovery, which improved the regime's popularity among the populace.

  2. Militarization of the Economy: The focus on rearmament and military production not only reduced unemployment but also prepared Germany for future military aggression, aligning with Nazi expansionist goals.
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  twoeffects of the Nazi policy of setting up Jewish ghettos on Jews.1) Jews were isolated from Germans.- Ghettos were walled-off, guarded parts of cities where Jews were forced to live.- The Nazis were now using force to remove Jews.

  2) Inhumane conditions.- In Warsaw, the Nazis crushed 380,000 Jews, 30% of the population, into a ghetto 3% of the size of the city.- By 1942, 50,000 Jews had died from hunger, cold and disease.
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  twoeffects of Nazi policies towards Jews in the occupied territories 1939-45.1. Ghettos- policy of ghettoisation where all Jews were forced to ghettos in cities in Poland. An average of 4000 Jews died each month from disease and starvation between 1941-1942

  2.Mass Executions and Deportations: Nazi policies led to widespread mass executions of Jews in occupied territories, particularly through Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units), and the deportation of survivors to concentration camps for extermination.
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  twoeffects of Allied bombing on Germany during the Second World War.1. The bombing campaigns had an effect on industrial production, e.g. vital aircraft and tank production decreased by one-third

  2.The bombing campaigns had an effect on civilians, e.g. resulted in the deaths of over 300,000 Germans and 800,000 wounded, with 20% of housing destroyed

  3. The bombing campaigns had an impact on morale, e.g. work absenteeism grew, as did cynicism and lack of confidence in an eventual German victory.
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  twoeffects of rationing on Germany.1. Shortages and Discontent: Rationing led to severe shortages of food, clothing, and other essential goods, causing widespread discontent and frustration among the German populace as they struggled to meet basic needs.

  2. Black Market Activity: The scarcity of goods fueled the growth of a black market, where people sought to acquire rationed items illegally, undermining the government's control and contributing to social unrest.
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  twoeffects of the Second World War on the role of women in Germany.1) Women went back to work.- By the end of the 1930s, German industry was expanding so quickly that women were needed to work so some of the early policies were scaled back or reversed.

  2. Psychological impact- many lived in fear that husbands/sons would be killed. Many were killed in air raids, many forced to leave their homes
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  twoeffects of the Second World War on the German Home Front in the years 1939-45.1. An effect was that allied bombing campaigns had a direct impact on the civilian population, e.g. workers were redirected to armaments production, and there was significant civilian death and injury

  2. An effect was that food and goods were rationed, e.g. meats and fats were soon in short supply, food consumption fell per person by 24% and, by 1941, the sale of cigarettes, soap, clothing and shoes were restricted

  2. An effect was that women were drafted to support the armed forces, e.g. as telephone, telegraph and transmission operators, administrative clerks, and in the military health service.
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  twoeffects of opposition to the Nazi regime1. Increased Repression and Persecution: Acts of opposition, whether from individuals or groups, led to increased repression by the Nazi regime, including arrests, torture, and executions of dissenters to maintain control and instill fear.

  2. Symbol of Resistance: Opposition movements, such as the White Rose and others, became symbols of resistance that inspired future generations and highlighted the moral courage of those who stood against the regime.