Water

• Hydrogen bond

  A) s-

  B) s+

  C) hydrogen bond

  
• What type of bonds require a lot of energy to overcome in water?

  Hydrogen bonds
• Why is water's high boiling point significant for chemical reactions?


  It allows chemical reactions to occur in the cytoplasm, which is over 70% water
• What is the maximum number of hydrogen bonds formed in ice?


  4
• How does the lower density of ice affect aquatic life?


  It allows ice to float on water, insulating the water below
• What role does ice play in the habitat of terrestrial organisms?


  Ice forms a habitat on its surface for terrestrial organisms
• How do different water densities contribute to nutrient circulation?


  They create currents that can circulate nutrients underwater
• What is meant by high specific heat capacity in water?


  It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance
• Why does water have high thermal stability?


  Because it requires a lot of energy to overcome hydrogen bonds
• How does high specific heat capacity benefit aquatic organisms?


  It provides a stable environment for them
• How does high latent heat of vaporization affect organisms?


  It allows processes like sweating and transpiration to cool organisms
• What is the definition of latent heat of vaporization?


  It is the amount of energy required to turn a substance from a liquid into a gas
• Why is water considered a good solvent?


  Its polarity allows it to dissolve various substances
• What types of substances can water dissolve?

  Ionic lattices like salts and polar covalent molecules like sugars
• How does water act as a transport medium?


  It transports solutes in blood, phloem, and xylem
• In what type of reactions is water a reactant?

  In hydrolysis reactions
• What is adhesion in the context of water?


  It is the force of attraction between water and different molecules
• How does adhesion aid in capillary action?


  It helps water move up narrow tubes against gravity
• What is cohesion in water?


  It is the force of attraction between water molecules
• How does cohesion contribute to surface tension?


  It allows the surface of water to resist external forces
• How does surface tension assist in the transpiration stream?


  It helps water move through plants by resisting external forces
• How does the surface of water provide a habitat for insects?


  It allows insects like pond skaters to walk on it
• Why is water colorless important for aquatic life?

  It transmits visible light, allowing photosynthesis at depth
• What is high tensile strength in water?


  It does not pull apart under tension
• How does high tensile strength benefit water transport in plants?


  It allows water to be lifted large distances by forces applied at the top
• What are the extra uses of water in biological systems?


  • Reactant in chemical reactions
  • Provides support in cells
  • Lubricates to reduce friction between surfaces