origins

• define the behaviourist approach

  learning through interaction with the environment and explained by principles of conditioning
• define the social learning approach

  learned through observation and imitation of others within a social context
• define the cognitive approach

  focuses on internal mental processes that influence behaviour
• define the psychodynamic approach

  emphasises influence of unconscious mind, childhood experiences and interpersonal relationships
• define the biological approach

  explains behaviour in terms of biological factors
• define the humanistic approach

  emphasises free will, self-determination and importance of personal growth
• who was the ‘father‘ of experimental psychology?

  wundt
• what was wundt’s approach known as?

  structuralism
• outline wundt’s approach to psychology

  • aspired to rigorous methods of experimentation
  • applied model of objective, scientific investigation
  • break down into sensations and perceptions
• what technique did wundt develop?

  introspection
• explain the process of introspection

  process used to examine inner world of sensations and perceptions

  • person consciously observing and aware of sensations and perceptions
  • catalogue and report every detail involved
  • take place in controlled environment
• what were the findings of introspection used for?

  identify processes involved in human consciousness
• evaluate wundt’s approach and introspection

  • subjective methods in scientific process, draws from inner thoughts and feelings, enhancing mundane realism

  
  

  • introspection is not replicable as relies on subjective focus on sensations and perceptions, limits reliability

  
  

  • early behaviourists contributed more to psychology, their methods are reliable as adhere to features of science
• outline what happened in 1879 for the emergence of psychology as a science

  • wundt opened first experimental psychology lab
  • introduction of introspection
• outline what happened in 1900s for the emergence of psychology as a science

  • freud developed psychodynamic theory and psychoanalysis
  • emphasis on unconscious motives and drives
• outline what happened in 1913 for the emergence of psychology as a science

  • watson and skinner proposed behaviourism
  • behaviour is learned by environmental conditioning
  • only direct observations can be scientific
• outline what happened in 1950s for the emergence of psychology as a science

  • rogers and maslow developed humanistic psychology
  • emphasise importance of free will and holism
  • focus on positive aspects and personal growth
• outline what happened in 1960s for the emergence of psychology as a science

  • cognitive psychology
  • mental processes
  • inferences draw by lab experiments
• outline what happened in 1980s for the emergence of psychology as a science

  • biological approach
  • brain scanning techniques to track activity or study structures
• outline what happened in 2000s onwards for the emergence of psychology as a science

  • cognitive neuroscience
  • sophisticated technology for relationship between brain and cognition
  • brain scanning to identify damage, localisation and specific regions