origins

• outline the cognitive approach

  behaviour is caused by information processing and storage
• outline the biological approach

  behaviour is caused by genes, evolution and neurochemistry
• outline the humanistic approach

  humans have free will, individuality, personal responsibility and strive for growth
• outline the psychodynamic approach

  behaviour is driven by unconscious desires and impact of early experiences
• outline the behaviourist approach

  behaviour is explained by classical and operant conditioning
• outline the social learning theory

  behaviour is learned and imitated from watching others
• what are the 3 steps of introspection?

  1. focus - consider mental processes while focusing on a stimulus
  2. reflect & record - record processes and break them down into categories
  3. compare & analyse - compare responses, analyse reactions to identify patterns and propose theories
• define paradigm

  established way of doing something
• what's a paradigm shift?

  change in the established way of doing something
• what was Wundt's contribution to psychology?

  • first psychology lab
  • established use of the scientific method
  • used introspection
• what was Freud's contribution to psychology?

  • role of the unconscious
  • method of psychoanalysis
• what was Skinner's contribution to psychology?

  • behaviourist approach
  • enabled controlled data collection
  • operant conditioning
• what was Pavlov's contribution to psychology?

  • emergence of behaviourism
  • systematic research
  • classical conditioning
• what was Maslow's contribution to psychology?

  • focus on individuality, creativity and wellbeing
  • hierarchy of needs
  • humanistic approach
• what was Roger's contribution to psychology?

  • humanistic psychology
  • person-centred counselling
  • role of unconditional positive regard
  • importance of self-acceptance, self-concept and self-actualisation
• what was Bandura's contribution to psychology?

  • cognitive approach
  • social learning theory
  • believed in reciprocal determinism
• evaluate Wundt's role in the emergence of psychology as a science

  X self-report methods are subjective, risk of bias

  + scientific and controlled experimental methods
• evaluate Freud's role in the emergence of psychology as a science

  X rejected the scientific method

  X based on case studies so lacks generalisability
• evaluate Skinner's role in the emergence of psychology as a science

  + systematic, controlled lab studies on rats

  + practical application to token economies
• evaluate Pavlov's role in the emergence of psychology as a science

  + systematic, controlled lab studies on dogs

  X deterministic approach, behaviourism assumes no free will
• evaluate Maslow's role in the emergence of psychology as a science

  X rejected the scientific, experimental approach

  X hierarchy of needs is nomothetic approach so ignores individual differences
• evaluate Roger's role in the emergence of psychology as a science

  X humanistic approach has abstract concepts and limited application

  + person-centred therapy is beneficial in treatments
• evaluate Bandura's role in the emergence of psychology as a science

  + valued scientific and experimental methods

  + cognitive factors provides comprehensive explanation
• what happened in 1879?


  Wundt

  • father of psychology
  • introspection
  • first psychology lab
• what happened in 1900s?



  Freud

  • interpretation of dreams
  • unconscious conflict drives behaviour
  • psychodynamic approach
• what happened in 1910s?


  Skinner

  • rat experiment
  • operant conditioning

  Pavlov

  • dog experiment
  • classical conditioning
• what happened in 1950s?



  Maslow & Rogers

  • humanistic approach
  • hierarchy of needs and counselling
  • rejection of scientific method
• what happened in 1960s?


  Bandura

  • behaviourism and cognitive
  • social learning theory

  George Miller

  • mind is a machine
  • information processing
  • cognitive science
• what happened in 1980s?



  technological advancements

  • biological processes and structures to be studied
  • biological psychology
• what happened in 2000s?



  cognitive neuroscience

  • based on computer models
  • biological structures influence mental states